AP Psych: Learning
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39 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience |
| associative learning | learning that certain events occur together. the events may be 2 stimuli or a response and its' consequences |
| conditioning | process of learning associations |
| operant conditioning | we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence and thus to repeat acts followed by good results and avoid acts followed by bad results |
| classical conditioning | a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response for the unconditioned stimulus |
| behavorism | view that psych should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference psychologists today agree with but not with |
| unconditioned response | in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth |
| unconditioned stimulus | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically- triggers a response |
| conditioned response (CR) | in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus |
| conditioned stimulus | in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response |
| acquisition | the initial stage in classical conditioning, the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response |
| extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response, occurs in classical conditioning when a unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced |
| spontaneous recovery | the reappearance after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response |
| expectancy | an awareness of how likely it is that the US will occur |
| operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher |
| respondent behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus, Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning |
| operant behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences |
| law of effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
| operant chamber | a chamber also known as a Skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking |
| shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
| reinforcer | in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows |
| positive reinforcement | increasing behaviors presenting positive stimuli such as food. is presented after a response, strengthens the response |
| negative reinforcement | behaviors by stopping/reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. is any stimulus that when removed after a response, strengthens the response. |
| primary reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need |
| conditioned reinforcer | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through association with a primary reinforcer |
| continuous reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response everytime it occurs |
| partial reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the tine; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement |
| fixed-ratio schedule | operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
| variable-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable # of responses |
| fixed-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals |
| punishment | an event that decreases the behavior that it follows |
| cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment |
| latent warning | learning that occurs, but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
| intrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake |
| extrinsic behavior | a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment |
| observational learning | learning by observing others |
| modeling | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior |
| mirror neurons | frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. |
| prosocial behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior. opposite of antisocial behavior |
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