Chapter 40 Introduction to Animal Structure and Function
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52 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 anatomy | study of body structure |
| physiology | study of function |
| tissues | groups of similar cells that perform a specific function in an organism |
| epithelial tissue | membranous tissue covering internal organs and other internal surfaces of the body; closely joined with little materials in btwn; rivited together by tight junctions; |
| basement membrane | dense mat of extracellular matrix, The structure that attaches most epithelia to underlying tissue; consists of carbohydrates and proteins secreted by the epithelia and the underlying connective tissue. |
| simple epithelium | single layer of cells |
| stratified epithelium | two or more layers of cells |
| pseudostratified | single layer where cells alternate in length |
| cuboidal | cube shaped |
| columnar | column shaped |
| squamous | flat and irregular |
| glandular epithelia | absorb or secrete chemical solutions (lumen, thyroid) |
| mucous membrane | Epithelial membrane that secretes mucus and lines the tubular organs of the body. |
| connective tissue | functions mainly to bind and support other tissues; unlike epethilia, this tissue consists of sparce population of cells scattered through extracellular matrix |
| collagenous fibers | Strong and flexible connective tissue fibers that contain the protein collagen; skin on back of hand keeps from tearing |
| elastic fibers | Long threads made of the protein elastin. provide a rubbery quality to the extracellular matrix that complements the nonelastic strength of collagenous fibers. restores pinched skin |
| reticular fibers | fine, collagenous fibers whose networks surround and support the soft tissue of organs, and stabilize the positions of functional cells |
| loose connective tissue | The most widespread connective tissue in the vertebrate body. It binds epithelia to underlying tissues and functions as packing material, holding organs in place. |
| fibroblasts | connective tissue cells that produce fibrous components of extracellular matrix like collagen and elastin |
| macrophages | engulf bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis |
| adipose tissue | a kind of loose connective tissue containing stored fat that serves as a source of energy |
| fibrous connective tissue | A dense tissue with large numbers of collagenous fibers organized into parallel bundles. This is the dominant tissue in tendons and ligaments. |
| tendon | a cord or band of inelastic tissue connecting a muscle with its bony attachment |
| ligament | a sheet or band of tough fibrous tissue connecting bones or cartilages or joints bone-bone |
| cartilage | a connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together, contains chondronin sulfate |
| chondrocytes | cartilage cells that divide in order to cause bone growth |
| bone | Calcified cartilage. Living tissue constantly being remodled |
| osteoblasts | bone forming cells that deposit collagen |
| osteons | Structural unit of compact bone, bone surrounding canal |
| blood | connective tissue that includes plasma, red and white blood cells and platelets |
| nervous tissue | tissue that receives messages from the body's external and internal environment, analyzes the data, and directs the response |
| neuron | a cell that is specialized to conduct nerve impulses |
| muscle tissue | A body tissue consisting of long cells that contracts or shortens, making body parts move; actin, myosin; usually most abundant tissue |
| skeletal muscle | Vouluntary, striated muscle that moves bones, works in pairs and is attatched to bones by tendons |
| striated muscle | a muscle that appears banded; also called skeletal muscle |
| cardiac muscle | Striated, involuntary muscle found only in the heart; branched, relay messages with intercalated disks |
| smooth muscle | Involuntary, non striated muscle that controls movement of internal organs; digestive tract, bladder, arteries, internal organs contract slowly and remain contracted longer; churn stomach |
| organ | a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body |
| mesenteries | connective tissues that anchor organs to the body wall and provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels |
| thoracic cavity | the cavity in the vertebrate body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and the neck and containing the lungs and heart |
| abdominal cavity | the cavity containing the major viscera |
| organ systems | a group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions |
| interstitial fluid | liquid found between the cells of the body that provides much of the liquid environment of the body and exchanges nutrients and wastes with blood in capillaries |
| homeostasis | constant internal milieu |
| negative feedback | A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation. (sweating) |
| positive feedback | A physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change. (contractions) |
| metabolic rate | the sum of all the energy-requiring biochemical reactions |
| endothermic | Organisms with bodies that are warmed by heat generated by metabolism. This heat is usually used to maintain a relatively stable body temperature higher than that of the external environment. |
| ectothermic | lacking an internal mechanism for regulating body heat |
| basal metabolic rate | metabolic rate of a nongrowing endotherm at rest, with an empty stomach, and in no stress |
| standard metabolic rate | The metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, and nonstressed ectotherm. |
| enzymatic hydrolysis | the process in digestion that splits macromolecules from food by the enzymatic addition of water, where then the molecules are absorbed and used as atp |
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