| Term | Definition |
|---|
| prokaryotes | smallest, most common microorganisms, unicellular, lack a nucleus; once all placed in Kingodm Monera; two different kingdoms: Eubacteria & Archaebacteria |
| eubacteria | cell wall protects cell [determines shap; peptidoglycen]; cell membrane surrounds cytoplasm [2nd provides extra protection]; flagellum; fresh & salt water, on land, in human body |
| flagellum | large taillike structures help with movement |
| archaebacteria | no peptidoglcen; unique membrane lipids; DNA sequences of genes more like eukaryotes; extreme environments [methanogens & halophiles] |
| methanogens | live in oxygen-free environments, such as thick mud and animal digestive tracts (use methane) |
| halophiles | salty environments or in hot springs where water temperatures approach the boiling point |
| identifying prokaryotes | [these are]: shape, chemical nature of cell, way they move & obtain energy |
| shapes | baccili; cocci; sprilla |
| baccili | rod-shaped |
| cocci | spherical |
| spirilla | spiral-shaped |
| cell walls | two different types of ____ _____ are found in eubacteria; Gram staining tells them apart |
| Gram-positive | bacteria have thick cell walls with large amounts of peptidoglycen [purple] |
| Gram-negative | bacteria have thinner cell walls inside an outer lipid layer [pink] |
| taxis | movement |
| positive chemotaxis | toward chemicals |
| negative chemotaxis | away from chemicals |
| positive phototaxis | toward light |
| negative phototaxis | away from light |
| move | identified by whether they ____ and how they ____ [flagella, cilia, fimbriae] |
| chemoheterotrophs | take in organic molecules for both energy and a supply of carbon |
| photoheterotrophs | use sunglight for energy, but take in organic compound as a carbon source |
| photoautotrophs | use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbon compounds and oxygen |
| chemoautotrophs | perform chemosynthesis; they make organic carbon molecules from carbon dioxide (no light or energy) |
| obligate aerobes | require a constant supply of oxygen |
| obligate anaerobes | bacteria that live without oxygen because they may be killed by it are called ________ _________ |
| facultative anaerobes | bacteria that can survive with or without oxygen are known as ___________ _________ |
| binary fission | most prokaryotes reproduce by ______ _______ |
| conjugation | some prokaryotes take part in ___________ (pili [hollow bridge]: connects bacteria to transmit DNA & genes) |
| spores | other prokaryotes produce ______; unfavorabl growth conditions; endospore forms when a bacterium prodcues a thick internal wall that encloses its DNA and some of its cytoplasm |
| decomposers | recycle nutrients and maintain equilibrium in the environment |
| nitrogen fixation | process of converting nitrogen gas to a form plants can use [plants need nitrogen gas to be changed chemically to ammonia] |
| human uses of bacteria | foods and beverages; removal of waste and poisons from water; mining minerals from the ground; synthesis of drugs and chemicals via genetic engineering; production of viatmins in human intestines |
| virus | particle made up of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids that can replicate only by infecting living cells |
| capsid | [outer part of virus]; protein coat |
| envelope | comes from host's cell membrane when virus budded out of host |
| replicate | viruses don't reproduce, they _________ |
| lytic infection | (1) attach to host cell (2) injection of genetic info (3) replication [DNA] (4) assembly (5) cell bursts |
| prophage | type of protein undergoing the lysogenic cycle |
| lysogenic infection | (1) attach (2) integration [DNA joins cell's DNA] (3) DNA replicates (4) viral DNA becomes activated |
| nonliving | viruses are _________ |
| retrovirus | virus that contains RNA; has to convert RNA to DNA; uses reverse transciptase [viral code can be added to the cell's DNA]; HIV |
| prions | piece of protein; causes of mad-cow disease; can infect animals (including humans) |
| viroids | single-stand of RNA; causes of plant diseases [yellow coloring; spoilage] |
| animal diseases | distemper, rabies, pneumonia |
| plant diseases | discolor leaves; stunt growth; kills plants |
| vaccines | dead or weakened form that stimulates the immune system to fight the virus when exposed to it |
| genetic engineering | use a virus carrier to insert genes into diseased cells (Ex: cystic firbrosis); gene therapy |
| agriculture | pest control; colorful variations in some plants-flowers |
| Ebola virus | kills quickly; requires close conatact |
| Humansarcom virus | causes tumors (cancer) |
| adenovirus | causes the common cold |
| bacteriophages | viruses that infect bacteria |
| prevention of bacterial diseases | vaccines [strengthen immunity]; antibiotics [inhibit bacterial growth; target peptidoglycen] |
| Bacillus anthracis | found in sheep, spore production, biological weapon |
| controlling bacteria | sterilization by heat; chemical disinfectants; canning food |
| endospore | type of spore foremed when a bacterium produces a thick internal wall that encloses its DNA and a portion of its cytoplasm |
| pathogens | disease-causing agents |
| anitbiotics | compounds that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria |
Combine with other sets
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