Bladder and Prostate Pathology
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16 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What is exstrophy? | Bladder opens directly through the abdomen |
| What is the urachus? What can go wrong with it? | It is the track between the bladder and the umbilical cord that should be obliterated soon after birth - Can become a cyst, diverticulum, or remain completely patent |
| What happens if ureter is denervated? | Loss of peristalsis and appropriate movement of urine > infection |
| What is a weird cause of UTI? How does it occur? | TB that is shed from renal TB into bladder |
| What is interstitial cystitis? Who gets it? What is a major concern associated with it? | An extremely painful condition driven by hypersenstive nerves due to excessive T-Cell signaling / Idiopathic disease in women - Concern: Suicide rate is high |
| What is nephrogenic adenoma / metaplasia? | Tubular epithelial cells that are sloughed off bind to bladder and grow there |
| Most common causes of urethritis? | STDs - Gonorrhea, chlamydia, mycoplasma, ureaplasma - Also from catherization |
| Neurogenic bladder | Bladder that has lost nerves > becomes bloated b/c of lack of signaling > produces tons of cytokines > massively swollen |
| Cystitis cystica / cystitis glandularis histological transformation: | Many goblet cells producing mucin are seen |
| Most common bladder tumor? When do they become an issue? How do you grade the tumor? | Urothelial (AKA transitional cell carcinoma) = Papillary and noninvasive tumors of low grade - Problems: 1. Invasion / 2. Grow to obstruct bladder > cystectomy needed - Grade: nuclear atypia + mitotic figures |
| Name the infectious disease and bladder tumor commonly seen together | Schistosomiasis + squamous cell carcinoma |
| Number one risk factor of bladder tumors? | Cigarette Smoking |
| Which tumors are more likely invasive - flat or papillary? Marker of invasion and prognosis? | Flat are much more likely to be invasive, but both can become invasive DEPTH of downward invasion (flat can move down without moving upward!) |
| Rhabdomyosarcoma occurs in what age group? Describe its appearance. Describe difference in males and females | 1. Bladder tumor seen in children 2. Grape=like "Polypoid / "sarcoma botryoides" 3. Females: protrudes thru introitus / Males: Bladder obstruction |
| What drives prostatic hyperplasia Describe growth and measuring scale. Differentiate from prostatic cancer | - ANDROGENS (inhibition of androgens > atrophy) - Growth is symmetric, circular and outward (Like a ball of tissue growing out) - Measured via Gleason Scale - Cancer grows ASYMMETRICALLY in random directions! |
| Complications of prostatic cancer? | 1. Perineural invasion - grows along nerve 2. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) 3. Spread to vertebrae 4. Spread to lungs |
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