Biol33 A&P#1

Terms	Definitions
Anatomy	the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationship to one another.
Physiology	the study of how the body and its parts work or function.
Levels of Structural Organization
Inorganic Compounds Organic Compounds	2 major classes of molecules.
Water	- most abundant inorganic compound (50-70% of body mass); - special properties: polarity/solvency (ability to dissolve matter) and high heat capacity (absorbs or releases lots of heat without changing temperature).
Organic Compounds	- carbon-containing molecules; - found only in the living - Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates	- organic compound; - sugars and starches; - contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen - energy source - a structural component of DNA
Monosaccharide	- simple sugars; - glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose.
Glucose	- blood sugar; universal cellular fuel; - converted into our energy.
Disaccharide	- double sugars; - sucrose (glucose+fructose), lactose (glucose+galactose), maltose (glucose+glucose).
Polysaccharides	- many sugars; - most important in the body: starch and glycogen
Starch	energy storage formed in plants.
Glycogen	- energy storage formed in animals: - stored in liver cells, muscle cells and uterine cells.
Lipids	- organic compound; - fats - contains C,H,O but C&H>O - most are nonpolar: electrically balanced and insoluble in water - types: phospholipids, steroids, triglycerides
Phospholipids	- found in cell membranes - head: phosphate (PO4) is polar - tail: fatty acid chain is nonpolar
Steroids	- nonpolar ring structure - parent/precursor: cholesterol
Triglycerides	- neutral fats - major source of stored energy in the body - stored in adipocytes (under skin or around organs) - provides insulation and cushion
Proteins	- organic compound; - composed of amino acids (aa): basic building blocks; - usually large and polar; - contains C,H,O,N
Nucleic Acids	- organic compound; - largest molecule in the body - make up the genes that provides that basic blueprint of life; - major kinds: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) & ribonucleic acid (RNA).
DNA	- genetic material found in the nucleus; - contains instructions for protein synthesis; - passes hereditary info to descendant cells.
RNA	- relay instructions from DNA to ribosomes for sequencing of aa into proteins. - resides mostly outside the nucleus.
Messenger RNA (mRNA)	RNA that carries the recipe from the nucleus to the ribosome.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)	RNA that makes up part of the ribosome.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)	RNA that brings the aa to the ribosome for assemble in the cytoplasm.
Maintaining Boundary Movement Responsiveness or Irritability Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth	8 Necessary Life Functions
Homeostasis	body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal environments in the face of change.
Negative Feedback	A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in physiological variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change.
Gross Anatomy	the study of body structures you can see with your naked eye.
Anatomical Position	human body is erect, with hand and toes pointed forward and arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward.
Abdominal	the anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs.
Antecubital	the anterior surface of the elbow.
Axillary	the armpit.
Brachial	the arm.
Buccal	the cheek.
Carpal	the wrist.
Cervical	the neck region.
Coxal	the hip.
Deltoid	the roundness of the shoulder.
Digital	the fingers or toes.
Femoral	the thigh.
Fibular	the side of the leg.
Inguinal	the groin.
Mammary	the breast.
Manus	the hand.
Nasal	the nose.
Oral	the mouth.
Orbital	the bony eye socket (orbit).
Patellar	the anterior knee (kneecap) region.
Pelvic	the pelvis region.
Pubic	the genital region.
Sternal	the region of the breastbone.
Tarsal	the ankle.
Thoracic	the chest.
Umbilical	the navel.
Cephalic	the head.
Gluteal	the buttocks or rump.
Lumbar	the area of the back between the ribs and hips; the loin.
Occipital	the posterior aspect of the head or base of the skull.
Popliteal	the back of the knee.
Sacral	the area between the hips.
Scapular	the scapula or shoulder blade area.
Sural	the calf or posterior surface of the leg.
Vertebral	the area of the spinal column.
Superior	above other structures.
Inferior	below other body parts.
Anterior	in front of.
Posterior	behind or toward the back.
Medial	toward the midline.
Lateral	away from the midline.
Cephalad	toward the head; also superior for humans, anterior for four-legged animals.
Caudad (caudal)	toward the tail; also inferior for humans, posterior for four-legged animals.
Ventral	belly side; also anterior for humans, superior for four-legged animals.
Dorsal	backside; posterior for humans, inferior for four-legged animals.
Proximal	toward the point of attachment.
Distal	away from the point of attachment.
Superficial	toward or at the body surface.
Deep	away from the body surface; more internal.
Sagittal Plane	plane that divides the body into right and left parts.
Median/Midsagittal Plane	plane that divides the body into equal right and left parts.
Coronal/Frontal Plane	plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
Transverse Plane	plane that divides the body into superior and anterior parts.
Cranial Cavity	#1; a dorsal body cavity that houses the brain.
Spinal Cavity	#2, a dorsal body cavity that is surrounded by the vertebral column to protect the spinal cord.
Thoracic Cavity	#4; a ventral body cavity seperated from the rest by the muscular diaphragm(#5). The bony rib cage protects the heart and lungs.
Abdominopelvic Cavity	#8; a ventral body cavity that consists of the abdominal cavity(#6) that houses the stomach, intestines, liver and other organs; and pelvic cavity(#7) that contains the reproductive organs, bladder and rectum.
Cell	the structural and functional unit of all living things.
Nucleus	#1; the control center of the cell (houses it's DNA) and is necessary for cell reproduction.
Chromatin	#15; genetic material (DNA) in threadlike form.
Nucleolus	#16; assembly sites for ribosomes; the actual protein-synthesizing "factories."
Nuclear Envelope/Nuclear Membrane	#2; the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus and separates it from the rest of the cytoplasm.
Nuclear Pores	large openings in the nuclear envelope that allow for communication between the nucleus and the cytoplasm permitting large molecules like protein and RNA molecules to pass easily.
Plasma Membrane	#3; the outer boundary of the cell that controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell; composed of a phospholipid bi-layer with proteins embedded in it.
Ribosomes	#12; particles composed of RNA and protein that are involved with messenger RNA in the synthesis of proteins.
Endoplasmic Reticulum	flattened sacs and tubes that may be continuous with the nuclear membrane.
Rough ER	#5; ER that is studded with ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis.
Soft ER	#14; ER that is involved in steroid and lipid synthesis.
Golgi Apparatus	#4; membranous system involved in packaging protein molecules for export from the cell, packaging enzymes to lysosomes and processing proteins destined to become part of plasma membrane.
Lysosomes	#11; membrane-bound vesicles that originate from the Golgi and contain strong digestive enzymes; if ruptured, they have the capacity to totally destroy the cell.
Peroxisomes	#6; small lysosome-like membranous sacs containing oxidase enzymes that detoxifies alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals.
Mitochondria	#7; rod-shaped bodies with a double membrane wall; the site of aerobic respiration that uses oxygen to produce ATP; powerplant of the cell.
Centrioles	#10; paired structures oriented at right angles to each other; composed of microtubules and is involved in the formation of mitotic spindle.
Cytoplasm	all the materal and organelles inside the plasma membrane and outside of the nucleus.
Interphase	cell life cycle in which the cell grows and carries on its usual metabolic activities.
Cell Division	cell life cycle in which the cell reproduces itself; two events: Mitosis and Cytokinesis.
Mitosis	division of the nucleus to increase the number of cells for growth and repair.
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis	division of the cytoplasm.
Epithelial Tissue/Epithelia/Epi	- tissues that cover surfaces; - functions: protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and sometimes sensory reception. - cells fit closely together to form membranes or sheet of cells; - membranes always have one exposed surface=apical surface. - cells are attached to and supported by basement membrane. - have no blood supply of their own.
Simple Squamous Epi	Location: lining the kidney glomeruli, kidney tubules, blood vessels and heart, and alveoli and lungs. Function: diffusion, secretion, filtration
Simple Cuboidal Epi	Location: lining the kidney tubules, glands, and surface of ovary. Function: secretion and absorption.
Simple Columnar Epi	Location: lining the digestive tract (cont. goblet cells), gallbladder, and ducts of glands. Function: secretion and absorption.
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epi	always have goblet cells; Location: lining the trachea, bronchi, and nasal cavity Function: propel mucus
Simple Ciliated Columnar Epi	Location: lining the uterine tubes, superior portion of uterus, and male reproductive. Function: propel mucus
Stratified Squamous Epi	1. Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epi - contains keratin, a waterproofing protein. (waves) Location: lining the skin 2. Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epi Location: lining the lips, cheeks, eyes and vagina Both functions as a protection.
Transitional Epi	Location: lining the urinary bladder, and ureter Function: distention
Connective Tissue (CT)	- most abundant; - functions: protect, support, and bind together other tissues of the body. - made up of many different types of cells and nonliving substances found outside the cells (extracellular matrix). - highly vascularized, or have a good blood supply. (exception for the ligaments and tendons)
Areolar CT	elastic, reticular, collagen fibers; fibroblast. Location: underskin, surrounding organs and capillaries. Function: wrap and protect
Adipose CT	adipocytes (fat cell) Location: underskin, surrounding kidneys, and behind the eyes. Function: insulation, protection and energy storage.
Dense Regular CT	collagen fibers; fibroblast Location: tendons, ligaments and aponeuroses. Function: tensile strength in one direction
Dense Irregular CT	collagen fibers; elastic fibers. Location: dermis of the skin, fibrous joints capsules, and submucosal layer. Function: tensile strength in multiple direction.
Hyaline Cartilage	lacuna; cells=chrondocyte; matrix. Location: fetal skeleton, ends of long bones, costal cartilage, tip of nose, trachea and larynx. Function: support, reinforce and cushion.
Elastic Cartilage	like the hyaline but with elastic fibers. Location: outer ear epiglottis Function: flex and bend; maintain shape.
Osseous Tissue	cells=osteocytes. Location: bone Function: support, protection, and mineral storage.
Integumentary System	- forms the external body covering; - skin and derivatives: sweat & oil glands, hair, nails; - protects deeper tissue from injury; - synthesizes vitamin D;
Epidermis	- superficial region of the skin; - avascular; - composed of keratinized stratified squamous Epi.
Keratinocytes	cells that produce keratin.
Dermis	- deep region of the skin; - mostly made up of dense fibrous CT; - fairly tear resistant
Hypodermis	- deep to the dermis; - essentially Adipose tissue; - not considered part of the skin but anchors it to underlying organs and provides a site for nutrient storage.
Stratum Basale (basal layer)	- IV - deepest layer of the epidermis; - highly mitotic (skin cells are formed); - contains melanocytes;
Melanocytes	- cells that produce melanin; - shields nuclei from UV damage;
Stratum Spinosum (spinal layer)	- III - cells contain thick layer of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin; - cell division also occurs in this layer but less often than basal layer.
Stratum Granulosum (granular layer)	- II - layer of the epidermis where cells are beginning to die; - abundant granules in its cells b/c cells start to fill with keratin;
Stratum Lucidum (clear layer)	layer of the epidermis that is only present in thick skin (palms & soles).
Stratum Corneum (horny layer)	- I - outermost layer of the epidermis; - can be many layers thick; - cells in this layer are dead; - flattened scalelike remnants of cells are full of keratin.
Papillary Layer	- #1 - upper dermal region; - contains fingerlike projections called dermal papillae, meissner's corpuscles (pain and touch receptors), and free nerve endings.
Reticular Layer	- #2 - deepest skin layer; - contains blood vessels, sweat and sebaceous glands, and pacinian corpuscles (pressure receptors).
Dermal Papillae	#3; peg-like projections on the superior surface that indent the overlying epidermis
Hypodermis	#4;
Hair Shaft	#5; the visible part of the hair
Hair Root	#6; The part of the hair contained within the follicle, below the surface of the scalp.
Hair Follicle	#7; narrow cavities in the dermis from which hair grows
Hair Bulb	#8
Arrector Pili Muscle	- #9 - Tiny smooth involuntary muscle attached to hair follicle and dermal papillae; - contracts when cold or frightened and produces goosebumps
Sebaceous Gland	#10; Oil-secreting gland in the dermis that is associated with hair follicles.
Sudoriferous Gland	#11; Sweat-secreting gland
Sweat Duct	#12
Sweat Pore	#13
Blood Vessels	#14
Pacinian Corpuscle	#15; deep pressure receptor located within or near the hypodermis