1.
active site/activity: enzymes are proteins and based on its particular three dimensional shape (tertiary conformation), an enzyme as a crevasse where the reactant fits in
2.
anabolism: utilization of ATP to build things (do work)
3.
ATP differs from ADP: ATP has three phosphates while ADP has only two. ..the third phosphate in ATP is extremely energized and when it is broken down to release the energy, we are left with ADP
4.
ATP is referred to as 'energy currency': the body breaks materials down for energy.. energy is stored in the bonds of ATP.. when energy is needed, the body breaks down the ATP to release the energy available
5.
ATP yields for the aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of glucose differ: ATP yields for the aerobic metabolism of glucose are much higher than for the anaerobic metabolism of glucose..this means that if there is not oxygen available, we cannot produce enough energy for our cells to function
6.
catabolism: breaking things down (to create ATP)
7.
catalyst: something that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
8.
characteristics of enzymes (list): proteins, specificity (tertiary conformation/active site), reusable, nomenclature(end in '--ase', named for what they do), have an optimal pH and temp, lower the energy of activation
9.
chemical reaction: the breaking down of reactants to create products...can be catalyzed by enzymes.. can be reversible.
10.
effects the rate of a chemical reaction (list): temp, pH, particle size, presence of a catalyst, concentration of reactants, frequency of collisions b/w particles
11.
Electron Transport requirements: oxygen requirements-yes, where it occurs-mitochondrial cristae, how ATP is made- oxidative phosphorylation, ATP yield-34, the products- CO2 and H20
12.
endergonic chemical reactions differ from exergonic chemical reactions: endergonic reaction requires that energy be put into the system while an exergonic reaction releases energy (A+B>C+D+energy)
13.
endergonic reaction: a chemical reaction that requires energy
14.
energy: ability to do work
15.
energy of activation: the point in a chemical reaction at which reactants begin to be transformed into products..(enzymes lower the energy of activation)
16.
enzyme: biological catalysts
17.
enzyme structure is related to enzyme function: enzymes are proteins... and based on its tertiary conformation, an enzyme has an active site that allows it to function in the presence of a complimentary substrate
18.
Enzyme Substrate complex: the entity that forms when an enzyme bonds to a substrate, in which the enzyme's catalytic reaction converts the substrate to the product of the reaction
19.
exergonic reaction: a chemical reaction that releases energy
20.
fate of pyruvate under aerobic condition(s): pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix where it is converted to acetyl CoA (this reaction reduces NAD to NADH + H+ and produces a CO2) under aerobic conditions
21.
fate of pyruvate under anaerobic condition(s): pyruvate is transformed into lactic acid by picking up an electron from NADH (leaving behind NAD) under anaerobic condition(s)
22.
First Law of Thermodynamics: energy cannot be created or destroyed ..it can be converted from one form to another.
23.
Glycolysis requirements: oxygen requirements-none, where it occurs- cytoplasm, how ATP is made- substrate level phosphorylation, the product(s)- pyruvate, the ATP yield-2
24.
KREB/Citric Acid Cycle requirements: oxygen requirements-yes, where it occurs-mitochondrial matrix, how ATP is made- substrate level phosphorylation, ATP yield-2, the products-CO2 + electrons
25.
Lock and Key Model: The model of the enzyme that shows the substrate fitting perfectly into the active site is called the
26.
metabolic pathway (sequence): a series of chemical reactions
27.
metabolism: the acquisition, transformation and utilization of energy
28.
of metabolic pathways...oxidation: the release of electrons in a chemical reaction
29.
of metabolic pathways..aerobic: REQUIRES oxygen
30.
of metabolic pathways..anaerobic: does not require oxygen
31.
of metabolic pathways..REDOX: oxidation and reduction
32.
of metabolic pathways..reduction: when electrons are gained in a chemical reaction...always accompany each other
33.
of metabolic pathways..substrate-level Phosphorylation: the mode of ATP synthesis in glycolysis and the KREBS cycle... when ATP is produced by ADP picking up a phosphate
34.
product of glucose fermentation: lactic acid and NAD+
35.
product(s): the resulting materials, after the reactants have been broken down and reformed in a chemical reaction
36.
reactant(s): the materials in a chemical reaction that are broken apart and reformed into products (when an enzyme is present, the materials are called 'substrates')
37.
substrate(s): the reactants in a chemical reaction that involves enzymes
