Chapters 12, 13, & 21
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Created by:
parkjam on February 1, 2012
Subjects:
Introduction to Clinical Pharmacology
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52 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Penicillins | Broad spectrum drug of choice PenVK, Ampicillin, amoxicillin, Augmentin |
| Penicillin Evaluation | Watch pt's for allergic reaction for minimum of 30 minutes after IM injection for allergic reaction |
| Penicillin Uses | URIs, STDs, and prophylaxis |
| Sulfonamides | Bactrim, Azulfidin |
| Sulfonamide Action | Bacteriostatic action inhibits folic acid synthesis |
| Sulfonamide Uses | UTIs and pre and post op for bowel surgery, effective against multiple organisms, especially E. coli |
| Sulfonamide Adverse Reactions | HA, Vertigo, Peripheral Neuropathy, Hives |
| Sulfonamide Drug Interactions | Potentiate: Anticoagulants, Thiazides, Phenytoin Decrease Effectiveness: Penicillin |
| Broad Spectrum Antibiotics | Tetracycline, Cipro. vancomycin, doxycycline, mycins, cephalosporins, fluorquinolones, macrolides |
| Broad Spectrum Definition | Gram+ or Gram- organisms, have a bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal action |
| Broad Spectrum Adverse Reactions | Super Infections, Food Interactions, Ototoxic, hepatotoxic or Nephrotoxic effects, and cross sensitivity |
| "Peak" and "Trough" | Monitors high and low levels of drug in the blood stream, especially important in aminoglycosides |
| TB High Risk Groups | Third world nations, immigrant communities, and especially Southeast Asia |
| TB Drugs | Cocktails of drugs used to treat TB, especially INH and rifampin. Most drugs are bacteriostatic. Treatments are for a minimum of 6 months, sometimes out to two years |
| What is chemoprophylaxis | Taking a drug to prevent disease when a patient is at high risk of developing it |
| TB Drugs Adverse Reactions | Generally mild, may cause nephro and ototoxicity, and postural hypotension |
| What must be avoided while on TB treatment | Alcohol |
| Antiparasitic Drugs | Amebicides - Chloroquine, Flagyl Antihelmintics, Antimalarials, |
| Organism the causes amebiasis or amebic dysentary | Entamoeba histolytica |
| Amebicides Adverse Reactions | Nausea, vomitting, anorexia, diarrhea, and GI distress |
| Antihelmintic Uses | Fight Worm Infections - Tapeworms, Roundworms, Pinworms, Hookworms, and Whipworms. ACTION is DRUG SPECIFIC |
| Antihelmintic Patient Teaching | MUST PREVENT TRANSMISSION TO OTHERS |
| Cause of malaria | Parasites of the genus Plasmodium |
| Antimalarial Action | Interfere with the life cycle of the parasite |
| Antimalarial Adverse Reactions | Drug Specific but can include blood dyscrasias, visual and neurological changes |
| Anitmalarial Interactions | Drug Specific |
| What is AIDS | Acquire Immunodeficiency Syndrome cause by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Causes immunosuppression and eventual death. Treatments are complex and aimed at slowing the progression of the disease |
| Antiviral Adverse Reactions | HEPATOXICITY, NEPHROTOXICITY, BLOOD DYSCRASIAS, AND PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHIES |
| Antiviral Uses | Decrease symptoms of infection in HIV, herpes zoster, herpes simplex, genital herpes, varicella, and CMV |
| Antiviral Examples | Acyclovir, Amantadine, Famciclovir, Tamiflu, Rimantidine, valacyclovir |
| Antiviral Nursing Implications | Follow Storage Instruction (refrigerate?) Encourage immunocompromised patients to drink bottled water only |
| Antiretroviral Action | Interfere with viral replication mechanisms, 2 types - reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors |
| Antiretroviral Uses | Slow the advance of AIDS, Maintain immunity, prevent HIV in infants whose mothers are infected, prevention of HIV in exposed healthcare workers |
| Antiretroviral Adverse Reactions | Pancreatitis, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY, mouth ulcers, rash, diarrhea, and nausea |
| Antiretroviral Interactions | Do not take with other RXs due to metabolism issues in the liver |
| Antiretroviral Implications/Teaching | ADHERENCE TO REGIMEN IS ESSENTIAL, meds don't cure AIDS, monitor for s/s of PANCREATITIS and PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY |
| Antifungal Action | Treat systemic or superficial fungal infections called MYCOTIC INFECTIONS. Action can be fungistatic or fungicidal. |
| Antifungal Examples | Diflucan, ketoconazole (Broad spectrum static/cidal action used to treat oral thrush and candidiasis), nystatin (antibiotic with fungicidal/static actions used to treat candida), lamisil, and metronidazole [Flagyl] (drug used for mixed fungal and bacterial/protozoa infections - interacts with alcohol |
| Antifungal Implications/Teaching | TAKE ALL THE MEDICATION, avoid alcohol, watch for easy bruising, sore throat, rash or fever. Cleanliness of hair, skin, and nails will limit spread |
| Naturally Acquired Immunity | Person has had the disease and developed antibodies |
| Artificially Acquired Active Immunity | Person is given live or attenuated antigen in a vaccine to stimulate antibody production to prevent disease |
| Booster Injections | Some diseases (Tetanus) require re-immunizing after a time to maintain antibody levels |
| Live Vaccines | Risk of developing full infection in healthy individuals is minimal, rubeola vaccine causes a mild case of measles |
| Artificially Acquire Passive Immunity | Immunoglobulins are injected into a person without immunity to fight exposure (i.e. HepB exposure) |
| Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity | Antibodies passed from mother to child via breast milk |
| Recommended Vaccines | Hep B; Diptheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (DPT); Haemophilus influenzae type B; Polio; Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR); Varicella; Pneumococcal; Influenza; Hep A (For select populations) |
| Vaccines | Attenuated or killed antigens in a formula that produces antigen-antibody response in the body |
| Toxoids | Some bacteria produce disease causing proteins called toxins. Toxoids are attenuated or weakened toxins that produce antitoxin response. Body cannot distinguish between toxoids and toxins |
| Immunization Action | PRODUCE IMMUNITY IN THE BODY |
| Immunization Adverse Reactions | Mild local pain and swelling; Occasionally Altered LOC, HA, lethargy, arthralgia, malaise, rash, urticaria, vesiculation, diarrhea, increased resprs, dyspnea, fever, and lymphadenopathy |
| Immunization Severe Adverse Reactions | Statistically, the risk of complications from getting disease outweighs the risk of adverse effects of the immunization. Most states have laws requiring children are immunized before starting school. If vaccines cause severe problems NATIONAL VACCINE INJURY COMPENSATION PROGRAM awards damages |
| Immunization Patient Teaching | Assess history for allergy to eggs or feathers, presence of infection, or immunosuppression |
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