learning chap 6/2
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53 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Learning | is a permanent change in behavior that results from experience. |
| classical conditioning | is a type of learning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes paired with a stimulus that causes reflexive behavior and,in time, is sufficient to produce a behavior. |
| unconditioned stimulus | a stimulus elicits an automatic response without requiring prior learning. |
| conditioned stimulus | an originally neutral stimulus that aquires significance through "conditioning" of repeated pairings with an UCS. |
| unconditioned response | is the reflexive reponse elicited by a particular stimulus. |
| conditioned response | response that depends on or is conditioned on pairing with unconditioned stimulus. |
| forward conditioning | the UCS immediatly follows the CS. |
| avoidance learning | learning that occurs when a CS is paired unpleasent US that leads the organism to try to avoid the CS. |
| Phobia | irrational fearof specific objects or sitiuiation. |
| condioned emotional response | an emotional response elicited previously neutral stimulus. |
| biological preparedness | built in readiness for certain condition stimuli to elicit certain CR so that less learning id necessary to produce conditioning. |
| contraprepardness | is a built in disinclination for certain conditioned stimuli to elicit particular conditioned response. |
| extinction | is a process by which a CR comes to be eliminated through repeated pairing of CS without the presence of US. |
| spontanous recovery | the process by which the CS will again elicit the CR after extinction has occured. |
| Stimulus discrimination | is the ability to distinguish among similar CS and to respond to actual CS. |
| stimulus generlization | is tendency for the CR elicited by the neutral similar that are alike but not identical to CS. |
| operant conditioning | is the process by which a behavior becoomes associated with its consequnces. |
| law of effect | states that actions that subsequently lead to the satisfying state of affairs are more like to be repeated |
| reinforcement | the process by which consequences lead to increase and liklihood that response will occur again. |
| positive reinforcement | add a desirable stimulus, occurs when a desired reinforcer is presented after a behavior. |
| reinforcer | is an object that comes after a reponse that changes the likelyhood of recurrence. it makes the response more likely to occur again. |
| negative reinforcement | ocurrs when an unpleasent event or circumstance is removed following a a desired behavior. |
| punishment | is an unpleasent that occurs as a consequence of behavior that decreases the liklihood of the behavior ocurring again. |
| negative punishment | occurs a behavior leads to a removal a pleasent event or circumstance. |
| positive punishment | occurs when a behavior leads an undesired consequence. |
| primary reinforcer | an event or an object is inherently reinforcing. |
| secondary reinforcer | an event or object reinforcing but does not inherently satisfy a need. |
| delayed reinforcement | reniforcement that is given some period of time after behavior is exhibited. |
| generalization | is the ability to generlize to similar stimuli and from a learned response to a similar response. |
| discrimination | is the ability to distinguish btw the desired response and a similar but undesirable response. |
| spontanous recovery | is the process by which an old response reappears if there is a break after extinction. |
| exinction | isi the fading out of a response, following a intial burst of behavior, after the withdrawal of reinforcement. |
| shaping | is the gradual process of reinforcing organism or behavior that closer to the desired behavior. |
| continuous reinforcement | is a reinforcement given for every desired response. |
| partial reinforcement | is reinforcement that is given from time to time. |
| interval schedual | a partial reinforcement schedule based on time. |
| ratio schedule | a partial reinforcement schedule based on specified number of emitted responses |
| cognitive learning | is the aquisition of learning that often is not immediatly acted on but is stored for later use. |
| insight learning | the process of mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of a solution occurs |
| observational learning | learning that ocurrs through watching others. |
| modeling | is a process in which a person learns new behaviors by observing ppl. |
| habitiuation | Becoming unresponsive to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly |
| associative learning | learning by association |
| ivan pavlov | a Russian researcher in the early 1900s who was the first research into learned behavior (conditioning) who discovered classical conditioning |
| trace conditioning | the presentation of the CS, followed by a short break, followed by the presentation of the US |
| vladmir bechterev | classical conditioning on avoidance |
| watson and reyner | condtioned emotional response |
| higher order conditioning | a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus |
| systematic desensitization | a technique used in behavior therapy to treat phobias and other behavior problems involving anxiety. |
| evaluative conditioning | change your liking or evaluation of the CS |
| edward thorndike | behaviorism; Law of Effect-relationship between behavior and consequence and used puzzle box. |
| B.F skinner | behaviorism; pioneer in operant conditioning; behavior is based on an organism's reinforcement history; worked with pigeons and skinner box |
| albert bendura | social learninig theory |
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