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Advisory opinions hypothetical cases. Federal courts must be used for genuine cases or controversies. Mootness When it presents no actual controversy or where the issues have cease to exist. It is a convenient excuse for not deciding a case. Standing A party must prove a sufficient interest (stake) in the outcome to bring a suit. Political question If a court decides that an issue is a political question, the issue is bettwe decided by the legislative and executive branches. Judicial review Courts determine the constitutionality of laws and executive decisions Petition for Certiorai A petition asking the Supreme Court to hear a case. Writ of Certiorai An official notice that the Supreme Court will review a case. court of record Testimony and evidence at trial are recorded and stored for future reference Decisions are recorded and published Appellate court Hears appeals from trial courts Reviews the trial court record to determine if there have been any errors at trial that would require reversal or modification of the decision Highest state court Hears appeals from Circuit Courts of Appeals No new evidence or testimony is heard Decisions of state supreme courts are final, unless a question of law is involved that is appealable to the U.S. Supreme Court. Standing to Sue Doctrine "...a party has legally protectable right and tangible interest at stake in the litigation..." Jurisdiction The power of the court to hear and decide a case. Venue The proper place for the trial to be held where jurisdiction exists. In personam legal power of a court to render a judgment against a party to an action or proceeding In rem legal power of a court over a party's interest in property, real or personal, within the geographic limits of the court Exclusive jurisdiction Court is sole forum to hear dispute Concurrent Jurisdiction Dispute may be heard in two or more forums Long-arm statute State courts obtain jurisdiction over persons or businesses located in another state