TCC Histology Quiz 3
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75 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Cartilage is similar to epithelium in being that it is _________________________. | Avasuclar |
| What is the function of chondroblasts? | They lay down the matrix (fibers and ground substance) They are the cartlige forming cells They are located at the inner chondrenic layer of the perichondrium. |
| What is the function of chondrocytes? | They are adult chondroblasts trapped in their own matrix Located in Lacunae (compartments) They help maintain the cartilage matrix |
| What types of fibers are in cartlidge and what is the function of each? | Collagen - adds tensile strength Elastic fibers - impart (give) elasticity to cartilage |
| Ground substance conains proteoglycans that are responsible for ___________________. | The weight bearing property of cartilage. |
| The glycosaminoglycans are responsible for __________________________________ due to their negative charges. | attracting water and forming a hydrated gel |
| What are the functions of the perichondrium? | nutrition - since cartilage is avascular growth of cartilage regeneration of cartilage |
| What are the types of cartilage without perichondrium? | Articular cartilage of synovial joints due to the causing of friction. Fibrocartilage |
| What are the mechanisms of growth of cartilage? | Appositional growth by adding new cartilage under the perichondrium through the activity of the chondrogenic layer of the perichondrium Interstitial growth - Growth from inside out chondrocytes in lacunae undergo mitosis forming cell nests/isogenous groups MITOTIC GROWTH |
| Mention six locations for hyaline cartilage | embryonic skeleton epiphyseal growth plate - area between the shaft and head of the long bone nasal septum respiratory system (larynx, trachea, bronchi) Costal cartilage attaches to the sternum articular cartliages (synovial joints with no perichondrium) |
| What is the type of collagen is in hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage? | Hyaline cartilage has Type II collagen Fibrocartilage has Parallel bundles of type I collagen fibers for tensile strength |
| Mention four locations for elastic cartilage | auricle of the ear external auditory meatus of the ear eustachian tube of the ear epiglottis in throat - the moving piece that keeps food from going down your trachea. |
| What are the two factors that limits the ability for cartilage to regenerate? | because it is avascular and it's limited ability for chondrocytes to divide |
| Where does cartilage originate from? | Mesenchyme |
| Where does cartilage obtain it's nutrients from? | the blood vessels around it |
| Glycoprotiens have more __________. | protein |
| Proteoglycans have more ___________. | carbohydrates |
| What do GAGS bind to? | The core proteins of proteoglycans |
| Name three glycosaminoglycans | Chondroitin sulfate keratin sulfate hyaluronic acid |
| If cartilage does not cover articular surfaces of bones then how do the bones get their nourishment? | from synovial fluids |
| What is the strongest type of cartilage? | fibrocartilage |
| How does cartilage heal? | through ossification except for elastic cartilage because it NEVER ossifies. |
| Enumerate the four bone cells | Osteoprogenitor cells - stem cells that develop from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells UMC Osteoblasts - form from osteoprogenitor cells Osteocytes - maintain bone matrix Osteoclasts - phagocytic cells of bone |
| Which bone cell is not found on the bone surface? | osteocytes |
| What is the function of osteoblasts? | they form the bone matrix |
| Mention the enzyme secreted by osteoblasts and its significance | Osteoblasts secrete alkaline phosphatase that leads to the deposition of calcium salts |
| What is the function of osteocytes? | they function to maintain the bone matrix |
| Which bone cells have gap junctions? | osteocytes |
| What are the enzymes secreted by osteoclast and the action of each? | carbonic anhydrase - produces carbonic acid which leads to the decalcification of the bone matrix Collagenase enzyme - breaks down collage fibers |
| Which hormone stimulates osteoclastic activity? | parathyroid hormone |
| What do you know about Howship's lacunae? | It is the space left after the osteoclast cells eat away the bone. |
| Name the cell with the ruffled border? | Osteoclasts |
| What is the major organic component of bone matrix? | 95% collagen fibers |
| What are the main minerals of bone matrix | Calcium phosphate Calcium carbonate |
| What are the forms of calcium phosphate | Crystalline calcium in the form of Hydroxyappetite crystals Calcium carbonate salts |
| What do you know about Sharpey's fibers? | Collagen fibers that connect periosteum to outer circumferential lamellae of compact bone |
| What is the function of the periosteum? | lines the outside of the bone |
| What is the function of the endosteum? | lines the inside of the bone |
| Which bone is stronger woven or lamellar? | lamellar due to collagen fibers |
| What are the two types of lamellar bones and the location of each? | compact bones - outer shells resist deformation because of the structural unit which is osteon/haversian system. Spongy bone - trabecular meshwork provides strength by acting as a complex system of internal struts and their structural unit is trabeculum. |
| What is the unit structure of compact bone? | concentric rings of bone around haversian canals interconnected by transverse canals AKA Volkman's canals |
| Which canal is parallel to the long axis of bone Haversian or Volkman's canal? | Haversian canals are parallel to the long axis of the diaphysis |
| What is the function of Volkman's canals? | To provide communication with blood vessels in the endosteum and periosteum through transverse canals |
| What is the function of bony canniculi around osteocyte processes? | they transmit interstitial fluid and nutrients |
| What covers the surface of trabeculae of spongy bone? | A thin endosteum with odontoblasts |
| Define intramembraneous ossification | bone growth within a vascularized embryonic connective tissue (mesenchyme) |
| Give an example of bones that ossify through intramembraneous ossification | Spongy bone first forms diploe Compact bone forms on its outer and inner aspects |
| Which zone contains degenerating cartilage cells? | calcifying zone |
| Which cells lay down bone in the ossification zone? | Osteoblasts |
| What effect does estrogen have on bones? | decreased osteoblast activity |
| What effect does parathyroid hormone have on bone? | raises the blood Ca levels and increases osteoclastic activity |
| What effect does Thyrocalcitonin have on bone? | inhibits bone resorption and lowers blood Ca levels |
| What effect does growth hormone have on bones ? | Gigantism if gets too much Dwarfism if does not get enough |
| What effect does Vitamin D deficiency have on bones? | Deficiency - rickets in children osteomalacia in adults leaves bones soft but strong |
| What does Vitamin C deficiency have on bones? | Scurvy - bleeding gums leaves bones rigid but weak |
| After menopause, what is the percentage of bone mass lost per year? | 3 to 5% |
| Can bone grow by interstitial method like cartilage? | bone grows appositionally only |
| How do bones grow in length? | Through the activity of hyaline cartilage of epiphyseal plate |
| What is the main mineral in bone matrix? | calcium hydroxy appatite |
| What is the embryonic layer of bone? | mesoderm |
| What is the diaphysis of a bone? | shaft |
| What is the epiphysis of bones? | the ends |
| What is the metaphysis? | The area between the the epiphysis and diaphysis |
| What are the main functions of bone? | Protection of internal organs support muscle attachment, mobility hematopoiesis - formation of blood cells mineral storage - calcium and phosphate |
| What do flat bones consist of? | two layers of compact bone with a spongy layer between. spongy bone is called diploe |
| Give three examples of flat bones. | flat bones of the skull cap, ribs and sternum |
| From where do osteoprogenitor cells develop? | Undifferentiated Mesenchymal Cells UMC's |
| What is osteoid tissue made of? | collagen fibers Type I and ground substance |
| What flows the interstitial fluids for nourishment? | gap junctions |
| What are the spaces next the the trabeculae filled with? | bone marrow |
| What does trabeculae mean? | lattice work |
| Where does intramembraneous ossification start? | in the mesenchyme |
| What makes osteoclasts? | The fusion of monocytes |
| What is apoptosis? | programmed cell death |
| What are some ways to prevent osteoporosis? | balanced diet weight bearing exercise avoid smoking or drinking bone density tests estrogen replacement therapy following menopause Taking a prescription medication that inhibits osteoclastic activity e.g. - Fosamax |
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