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Musculoskeletal System Diseases and Disorders -Common Signs and Symptoms: Pain, swelling, decreased mobility, and deformity Diagnostic Tests X-rays CAT scans MRIs Blood studies including calcium, phosphorus Electromyography Muscle tissue biopsy Diseases of Bone -Mild to severe -Common as adults age -Spinal deformities - - Osteoporosis metabolic bone disease causing porosity and leading to a decrease in bone mass Osteomyelitis inflammation of bone caused by an staphylococcal infection Lordosis exaggerated anterior or inward curve of lumbar spine Kyphosis curvature of thoracic spine Scoliosis lateral curvature of spine Diseases of Joints Most diseases occur as slow process Arthritis - inflammation Osteoarthritis - degenerative process Rheumatoid Arthritis - autoimmune disorder affecting joints and connective tissue of entire body Hallux Valgus deformity affecting the metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe; commonly called bunion Gout metabolic error in breakdown of certain protein foods Tempromandibular Joint Syndrome severe headaches and pain in "jaw" Muscular Dystrophy (MD) inherited, genetic disorder affecting skeletal muscles Ganglion cyst fluid-filled benign tumor on a tendon sheath near the wrist Tetanus also called "lockjaw" Neoplasms -Primary neoplasms of musculoskeletal system are uncommon -Typically neoplasms are secondary, metastasizing from lungs, breast, and prostate Osteosarcoma is most common tumor Phabdomyosarcoma very rare highly malignant tumor of skeletal muscle Trauma -Main cause of problems in musculoskeletal system -Fractures - break in bone -Types of fractures: Stress, displace, comminuted, compression Longitudinal, transverse, oblique, spiral, stellate -Treatment of Fractures Immobilization Closed reduction Open reduction Traction Strains and Sprains -Strain is overstretching injury of muscle -Treatment for strains is rest, moist heat, analgesics, and anti-inflammatories -Sprain is a traumatic injury to a joint -Treatment: RICE - rest, ice, compression, elevation Dislocations and Subluxations -Dislocation is complete separation of bone from its normal position -Subluxation is partial separation -Dislocation causes pain and joint deformity Low Back Pain -Very common disorder -Pain may be acute or chronic -Treatment is moist heat, analgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs, or muscle relaxants Herniated Nucleus Pulposus Herniated disc, ruptured disc, slipped disc, or bulging disc Pressure on spinal nerve may cause pain in sciatic nerve Treatment is same as low back pain Bursitis -Inflammation of a bursae or small fluid-filled sac near joints -Bursae help to reduce friction during movement -Symptoms: severe pain that limits motion -Treatment includes moist heat, analgesics, and anti-inflammatories Tendonitis -Inflammation of tendon, or connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone -May occur in any tendon -Treatment is ice, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, exercises, surgery Carpal Tunnel Syndrome -Repetitive motion injury affecting hands -Affects individuals working at repetitive tasks requiring finger and wrist motions -Treatment: rest, splint, anti-inflammatory, physical therapy, surgery Plantar Fascitis Also called calcaneal spur or heel spur Treatment: rest, ice, analgesics, and anti-inflammatories Torn Rotator Cuff Muscles that hold head of humerus in shoulder socket area Torn Meniscus Attached to top of tibia and provides cushion for distal femur Cruciate ligament tears Located inside knee joint Two ligaments cross to stabilize knee Shin Splints Overuse injury to periosteum and extensor muscles of lower leg Occur routinely with sudden increase in activity or new exercise routine Treatment: rest, analgesics, anti-inflammatory, heat, and ice de Quervain's - tendonitis affecting thumb - rare Tuberculosis of bone - develops in tissue cavities leading to bone weakness and pain - rare Paget's disease - is chronic metabolic bone disease affecting bone formation -rare Myasthenia Gravis - autoimmune disorder characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue - rare