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solar system system of nine planets, including Earth, and other objects that revolve around the Sun Mercury smallest planet, closest to the Sun; does not have a true atmosphere; has a surface with many craters and high cliffs Venus second planet from the Sun; similar to Earth in mass an dsize; has a thick atmosphere and a surface with craters, faultlike cracks, and volcanoes Earth third planet from the Sun; has an atmosphere that protects life and surface temperatures that allow water to exist as a solid, liquid, and gas Mars fourth planet from the Sun; has polar ice caps, a thin atmosphere, and a reddish appearance caused by iron oxide in weathered rocks and soil Jupiter largest and fifith planet from teh Sun; contains more mass than all the other planets combined, has continuous storms of high-pressure gas, and an atmosphere mostly of hydrogen and helium Saturn second-largest and sixth planet from the Sun; has a complex ring system, at least 31 moons, and a thick atmosphere made mostly of hydrogen and helium Uranus seventh planet from the Sun; is large and gaseous, has a distinct bluish-green color, and rotates on an axis nearly parallel to the plane of its orbit Neptune usually the eighth planet from the Sun; is large and gaseous, has rings that vary in thickness, and is bluish-green in color Pluto once was considered to be the ninth planet from the Sun; now considered a dwarf planet; has a solid icy-rock surface and a single moon, Charon