| Term | Definition |
|---|
| character | a _______ is a heritable feature, such as flower color, that varies among individuals |
| trait | each variant for a character, such as purple or white flower color, is called a _____ |
| true-breeding | all the offspring are the same variety |
| hybridization | Mendle cross-pollinated two contrasting, true-breeding pea varieties, know as _________ |
| P generation; F1 generation | the true-breeding parents are referred to as the _ ____________, and their hybrid offspring are the __ ___________ |
| F2 generation | allowing F1 hybrids to self-pollinate would produce the __ _____________ |
| alleles | alternative versions of a gene are called _______ |
| dominant allele; recessive allele | if two alleles at a locus differ, then one, the ________ ________ determines the organism's appearance; the other, the _______ _____, has no noticeable effect on the organism's appearance |
| law of segregation | the two alleles for a heritable character separate (segregate) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes (what law is this?) |
| homozygous | an organism having a pair of identical alleles for a character is said to be _________ for the gene controlling that character |
| heterozygous | an organism that has two different alleles for a gene is said to be _________ for that gene |
| phenotype; genotype | an organism's traits are its _________, and its genetic makeup is its _________ |
| testcross | the breeding of a recessive homozygote with an organism is dominant phenotype but unknown genotype is called a _________ |
| monohybrids | all the F1 progeny produced in crosses of true-breeding parents were _________, meaning that they were heterozygous for one character |
| law of independent assortment | each pair of alleles segregates independently of other pairs of alleles during gamete formation (what law is this?) |
| complete dominance | in Mendle's F1 pea plant crosses, the F1 plants always looked like on of the two parental varieties because of the _______ _________ of one allele over another |
| codominance | the two alleles both affect the phenotype in separate distinguishable ways |
| Tay-Sachs disease | the brain cells of a baby are unable to metabolize certain lipids because a crucial enzyme doesn't work properly. As lipids accumulate in the brain cells, an infant begins to suffer seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance (what disease is this?) |
| pleiotrophy | most genes have multiple phenotypic effects, a property called _______ |
| epistasis | in ________, a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus |
| norm of reaction | a genotype generatlly isn't associated with a rigidly defined phenotype, but rather with a range of phenotypic possibilities due to environmental influences. this is called the _____ ____ ________ for a genotype |
| multifactorial | geneticists refer to characters such as skin color as ________, meaning that many factors, both genetic and environmental, collectively influence phenotype |
| amniocentesis | a physician inserts a needle into the uterus and extracts about 10 mL of amniotic fluid, the liquid that bathes the fetus |
| chorionic villus samplin | a physician inserts a narrow tube through the cervix into the uterus and suctions out a tiny sample of tissue from the placenta (hint: CVS) |
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