| Term | Definition |
|---|
| RECONSTRUCTION (1865-1877) | title |
| Black Codes | Laws passed by the new southern governments that attempted to regulate the lives of the former slaves. (Granted them certain rights, but denied them other rights). (Bad for black people) |
| Radical Republicans | Pro equal rights for all. Leader was Thaddeus Stevens. Called for the dissolution of these governments and the establishment of new ones with "rebels" excluded from power and black men guaranteed the right to vote. Shared the conviction that Union victory created a golden opportunity to institutionalize the principle of equal rights for all, regardless of race |
| Tenure of Office Act | Barred the president from removing certain officeholders, including cabinet members, without the consent of the senate. Enacted over President Andrew Johnson's veto. Pres. Johnson |
| Presidential Reconstruction | Andrew Johnson's plan of reuniting the nation. Offered a pardon to nearly all white southerners who took an oath of allegiance (after civil war) (excluded Confederate leaders and wealthy planters). Appointed provisional governors and ordered them to call state conventions. Granted the govs free hand in local affairs. Plan turned most Northern Republicans against the president. Plan failed |
| Congressional/Radical Reconstruction | Produced by demands of former slaves for right to vote, Radical's idea of equality, widespread disgust with Johnson's policies, the desire to fortify the Republican Party in the South and the determination to keep ex Confederates from office |
| Reconstruction Acts of 1867-69 | Divided south into 5 military districts and called for the creation of new state governments with black men given the right to vote. Tried to impeach Johnson, but they couldn't (Ulysses S. Grant was elected a few days later anyway). These were passed by Radical Republicans. |
| Ku Klux Klan | Starts during Reconstruction. Tries to restore South to pre war status (like treatment of blacks). Grant abolishes the clan with enforcement acts (but comes back in 1910's). |
| Reconstruction Amendments: 13, 14, 15 | • 13th- abolished slavery, Civil Rights Bill represented the first attempt to give concrete meaning to it. • 14th- placed in the constitution the principle of citizenship for all persons born in the United States and empowered the federal gov to protect the rights of all Americans, also prohibited states from abridging the privileges and immunities of citizens or denying them the equal protection of the law. • 15th- prohibited the federal and state govs from denying any citizen the right to vote because of race, opened the door to suffrage restrictions not based on race, didn't extend right to women • ALL HELPED BLACK PEOPLE |
| Freedmen's Bureau | Experiment in government social policy (1865-1870). Agents established schools, provided aid to the poor and aged, settled disputes between blacks and whites, secure equal treatment in court. |
| Sharecropping/Crop Lien system | (like serfdom) Arose as a compromise between blacks' desire for land and planters' demand for labor discipline. Black families rented part of a plantation. Their opportunities were limited by the world market. They found themselves in debt. |
| Compromise of 1877: Hayes v. Tilden (Election of 1876) | Congress appointed a fifteen member electoral commission composed of senators, representatives, and supreme court justices • Republicans had 8 to 7 majority • So Hayes's (republican candidate for 1876 election) representatives agreed to recognize Democratic control of the entire South and to avoid further intervention in local affairs • Also pleged that Hayes would place a southerner in the cabinet position of postmaster general and that he would work for federal aid to the Texas and Pacific railroad • Democrats (Samuel Tilden was nominee) promised not to dispute Hayes's right to office and to respect the civil and political rights of blacks • Results o Hayes became president o Appointed David M Key of TN as postmaster general o Texas and Pacific never got land grant o Democrats didn't recognize blacks as equals o Ends military rule in South • ENDED RECONSTRUCTION! |
| 1880s-1890s: POPULISM & GILDED AGE | title |
| People's Party/Populists | Started out as the Farmers' Alliance, included all "producing classes," attracted veterans of Knights of Labor, America as commonwealth |
| Populist/Omaha Platform | Adopted at Ohmaha convention. Spoke of a nation brought to the verge of moral, political, and material ruin by political corruption |
| Election of 1892 | James B. Weaver (populist) vs. Harrison (rep) vs. Cleveland (dem),Cleveland wins. James Weaver received over a million votes (got last place) (others have 5Mill +) |
| Pullman Strike | In Pullman, Illonois, 1894, railway workers strike for higher wages (protesting the wage decrease by Debs) against the Pullman Company. President Grover Cleveland issued an injunction (court order) to prevent the strike. |
| "free silver" | Unrestricted minting of silver (attempt to change standard of money from gold to silver) (before William Jennings Bryan) Populist feuled by the Farmers Alliance |
| William Jennings Bryan | Won democratic nomination for president. Demand for "free silver" was the latest expression of the view that increasing the amount of currency in circulation would raise the prices farmers received for their crops and make it easier to pay off their debts. Influence by Social Gospel movement |
| Election of 1896 | Between William Jennings Bryan (democrat) and William McKinley (republican). (McKinley Wins). First modern presidential campaign (spent lots of money/advertising to try to gain supporters). Revealed a nation divided along regional lines |
| Laissez-faire capitalism | Term adopted from French meaning let people do as they choose describing opposition to government action to regulate economic or personal behavior |
| Origin of Species | integrated into Social Darwinism, (natural selection and survival of fittest for businesses) |
| Social Darwinism | A social application of Charles Darwin's biological theory of evolution by natural selection, this late-nineteenth century theory encouraged the notion of human competitio and opposed intervention in the natural human order. Social Darwinists justified the increasing inequality of late-nineteeth-century industrial American society as natural. |
| Nativism | Anti immigrant and anti Catholic feeling especially prominent in the 1830s through the 1850s the largest group was new yorks order of the star spangled banner which expanded into the American (know nothing) Party |
| Chinese Exclusion | Halted Chinese immigration to the US |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | US supreme court decision supporting the legality of Jim Crow laws that permitted or required "separate but equal" facilities to be built for blacks and whites |
| B T Washington | Former slave who urged blacks to adjust to and accept segregation (take what they have and more will come later) |
| 1890s-1900s: INDUSTRIALIZATION & early PROGRESSIVISM | title |
| Industrial Revolution | Companies sprouted, Corporations boomed, (many were in great lakes region). Abuntant natural resources, growing supply of labor (immigrants), expanding market for manufactured goods, and available capital investments |
| Standard oil | Controlled 90 percent of the nation's oil. Owned by John D Rockefeller |
| Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 | 1890, First law to restrict monopolistic trusts and business combinations; extended by the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 |
| Andrew Carnegie | Industrial giant (U.S. Steel), Established a VERTICALLY INTEGRATED steel company. (controlled every phase of the business from raw materials to transportation, manufacturing, and distribution) |
| J P Morgan | Banks, he controlled the banks. Carnegie had the steel companies, Rockefeller had oil. |
| Horizontal v. vertical integration | HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION is buying all the companies that do the same thing as you (ex: buying all the gas stations). VERTICAL INTEGRATION is buying out all the companies involved in making your product. (ex: drilling, refining, storage, disribution of oil) |
| Machine politics | During Guilded Age: Corrupt politics (votes for favors) (Boss Tweed and Tamany Hall was an example) |
| Boss Tweed | Corrupt political machine. Appointed his friends to certain city council positions so he could easily rob the government of money. Conned NYC out of millions of dollars when he had Tamany Hall constructed |
| Unions | Organized groups of workers to get their voices heard and fight for workers' rights, etc... |
| Knights of Labor | Founded in 1869, the first national union lasted, under the leadership of Terence V. Powderly, only into the 1890s. supplanted by the American federation of Labor |
| Jacob Ribs "How the Other Half Lives" | Used photographs to create a shocking account of the poor living conditions among urban poor. |
| Progressivism | activist government, use of government, government regulation. A new positive definition of freedom, people look to the government as their savior, govt looks after most americans. Cooperation is good, govt allowed to restrict but in a good way |
| Muckrakers | Were new journalists that showed how party and business leaders profited from political turmoil at home |
| T Roosevelt | President (1901-1909) hero of the Spanish-American War; Panama Canal was built during his administration; said 'Speak softly but carry a big stick' |
| William H Taft | US president, took over presidency after theodore Roosevelt, strengthened ICC, TRUST BUSTER |
| Trust-busting | Created with Sherman Anti-Trust Act, T. Roosevelt wanted to get rid of large monopolies that were corrupt |
| IMPERIALISM (primarily 1890s-esp. 1898-1902) | title |
| Open Door Notes | 1898, the United States had become an East Asian power through the acquisition of the Philippine Islands, and when the partition of China by the European powers and Japan seemed imminent, the United States felt its commercial interests in China threatened. U.S. Secretary of State John Hay sent notes to the major powers (France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, and Russia), asking them to declare formally that they would uphold Chinese territorial and administrative integrity and would not interfere with the free use of the treaty ports within their spheres of influence in China. |
| Manifest destiny | Idea that Americans should spread their nation from Atlantic to Pacific, across the continent, and should spread democracy and religion to all "inferiors" |
| Josiah Strong, Our Country | South to update the idea of manifest destiny, Anglo-Saxons should now spread their institutions and values to inferior races throughout the world, claimed it would create more consumers of American goods |
| Alfred Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History | Argued that no nation could prosper without a large fleet of ships engaged in international trade, protected by a powerful navy operating from overseas bases |
| Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine | Stated that the US had right to exercise an international police power in Western hemisphere |
| W McKinley | Asked Congress for declaration of war against Spain because of the Maine explosion near Cuba |
| "splendid little war" | What Secretary of state (John Hay) called the Spanish-American conflict because it only lasted 4 months and resulted in few deaths |
| Spanish-American War | Same as "Splendid little war" |
| Teller Amendment | States that the US had no intention of annexing or dominating the island of Cuba |
| Platt Amendment | Stated that Cuba is only free as long as American economy is flourishing alongside Cuba's; when status changes, then US government can intervene in Cuban affairs |
| Philippine War | Filipinos had been fighting a war against Spain, so then they just concentrated their efforts of rebellion on the US instead; war lasted 4 years and was far bloodier than the war with the Spanish, said aim was to "uplift and civilize and Christianize" |
| Late 1900s-1910s (The Progressive Era-Wilsonian Progressivism) | title |
| "new" immigration | aka Progressive Era; people came from southern and eastern Europe; reached peak during this time; came because of political turmoil at home |
| Mass-consumption society | the idea came from cities, department stores, chain stores ; Americans could buy all the excess they wanted now became a new source of freedom*ESSAY* |
| Henry Ford | Didn't invent the automobile but developed technique of production and marketing |
| Model T | Introduced in 1908, was the first affordable automobile for the average american. First model manufactured by assembly line. |
| Fordism | economic system based on mass production and mass consumption |
| Consumerism as a "school of freedom" | Said by Edward Filene, shoppers made individual choices on basic questions of living; economic abundance as freedom |
| "living wage" | Term used to criticize the inequalities of wealth and power in progressive America; consumer economy with everyone wanting more things |
| scientific management | A program that sought to streamline production and boost profits by systematically controlling costs and work practices |
| industrial freedom | Freedom to work and go up in rank; to increase it they believed people must participate in economic decision making via the strong unions |
| industrial democracy | is an arrangement which involves workers making decisions, sharing responsibility and authority in the workplace. |
| E. Debs | Spread socialist gospel, railroad union leader, preached that control by democratic government meant hope of political equality and economic freedom; champion of the downtrodden, bridged many cultural divides |
| AFL (American Federation of Labor) | Represented most privileged worker, white male native borns, skilled laborers and craft laborers, membership tripled, helped settle hundreds of industrial disputes, improved factory safety, pension plans for long term workers |
| IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) | Part tradeunion and part advocate of a workers revolution; sought to mobilize those excluded from the AFL (immigrants, women, blacks, Chinese) |
| Feminism | Meant women's freedom as a human being and as a sex; created the Feminist Alliance which constructed apartment housing with communal kitchens, cafeterias, daycare centers to free women from he constraints of the home |
| Bohemia | Greenwich village New York City – social circle of writers, dancers, artists who reject conventional roles and practices |
| T. Roosevelt | 26th President (1901-1909) hero of the Spanish-American War; Panama Canal was built during his administration; said 'Speak softly but carry a big stick' |
| Election of 1912 | between Woodrow Wilson (democrat), Theodore Roosevelt (progressive), and William Howard Taft (Republican). Wilson won |
| 16th Amendment | Graduated income tax – tax the wealthy more than the poor |
| 18th Amendment | Established Prohibition. |
| 19th Amendment | Guaranteed women the right to vote. ratified in 1920 |
| WWI | title |
| Allied Powers | Britain, France, Russia, Japan (U.S. later on) |
| Central Powers | Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire. |
| Lusitania | Sunk in 1915 (civilian boat w/ Americans on) sunk by German blockade around Br. However, it was a European ship so Ms. Ellis says it didn't provoke U.S. into war. |
| Zimmerman telegram | Britain intercepted a German message of Central Powers offering an alliance with Mexico (if U.S. enters war, they will stay in west). Possibly made by Britain to provoke U.S. into WWI |
| U-Boats | German submarines. Surrounded the coast of U.K. |
| War Industries Board | Coordinate the purchase of war supplies. The organization encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency and urged them to eliminate waste by standardizing products. The board set production quotas and allocated raw materials. |
| Committee on Public Information (CPI) | Compelled U.S. to go to war, used propaganda (pamphlets, ads, posters, movies). Proved it was possible to "sway the ideas of an entire nation" |
| George Creel | Headed the Committee of Public Information. |
| W. Wilson | (pacifist/isolationist) Pres., kept U.S. out of WWI. "moral imperialism," assist lower countries for greater good. Gets in war with Mexico |
| Pacifism | Belief that disputes between nations should be settled peacefully |
| Isolationism | a policy of nonparticipation inEuropean economic and political relations |
| Election of 1916 | Hughes (republican) (pro-war) vs. Woodrow Wilson (democrat) "kept us out of the war"= Wilson. Wilson won by little more than 3% |
| Food Administration | Lead by Hoover, advised people to ration (would be doing something for country) not required |
| Herbert Hoover | Secretary of Commerce in 1920's. Elected president in 1929 (Republican). |
| Fuel Administration | Wilson appointed Harry A. Garfield to lead the agency. Set and enforced the prices of coal. The administration had broad powers to set the price of coal at various points (mine, dock) and the cost of transportation (by rail), and in regards to end use (home, factory, or business, etc.). |
| Great Migration | Early 1900's, Blacks migrated away from south to form their own communities in North/Canada (get away from Jim Crow Laws) |
| Fourteen Points | Wilson's after-war peace plan. In the name of peace, he pushed for open agreements, freedom of the sees, no more economic barriers, reduction of national armaments, pro-independence-leave other countries alone, and THE FORMATION OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS (most important part of Fourteen Points) |
| "Peace without Victory" | I think it refers to creating after-war peace without countries taking advantage of the losing countries. Part of Wilson's 14 points |
| Treaty of Versailles | Blames war on Germany. Rhineland becomes demilitarized zone. Limited size of German army. Germany lost colonies and European territories. Demanded reparations from Germany |
| League of Nations | More to it, but Article X states that Nations are bound by international contract to enter conflicts involving other members |
| Red Scare of 1919 | period of panic over communist threat. Inspired by Bolshevik revolution in Russia |
| Palmer Raids | series of controversial raids by the United States Department of Justice and Immigration and Naturalization Service from 1919 to 1921 on suspected radical leftist citizens and immigrants |
| 1920S | title |
| religious fundamentalism | combated individual freedoms and Protestant mixing of science and religion. |
| Scopes "monkey trial" | Scopes was arrested for teaching Darwin's theory of evolution. Tried to mix religion and science (it made sense), but he was convicted because it was against the law (later overturned) |
| Ku Klux Klan | freedom should be limited based on religious and ethnic grounds. Sank deep into nation, largest private organization, controlled repub. party for some time. Got Oregon law (all students must attend public school) overturned. Against non-white, non-male, non-protestant (they challenged individual liberties). |
| Henry Ford | United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production (1863-1947) |
| Automobiles | car, made cheaply on assembly line ("one for every family"), sold at cheap price. |
| Warren G Harding | Pres.1921 laissez-faire, little regard for gov't or presidency. "return to normalcy" after Wilson + his progressive ideals. Office became corrupt: allowed drinking in prohibition, had an affair, surrounded himself w/ cronies (used office for private gain). Ex) Sec. of Interior leased gov't land w/ oil for $500,000 and took money himself. Died after 3 years in office, VP: Coolidge took over |
| Calvin Coolidge | He got rid of corruption, but kept same policies as Harding. |
| Herbert Hoover | Pres.1928: Repub./Prog. (used associational action). Ran against A. Smith. Won in a landslide. |
| Andrew Mellon | Secratary of Tresury 1921-33, beleived that the depression should run its course and that natural market forces would restore to full employment |
| Stock market of 1929: black Thursday | stock market dropped $10 billion in 5 hours |
| Great Depression | Greatest economic disaster in history. Germany defaulted on reparations, so U.S. was not getting paid back, value of products dropped, unemployment increased. |
| Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) | Hoover's policy which loaned money to banks, RRs, and other businesses |
| Hawley-Smoot Tariff | Hoover's Tariff which raised taxes on imported goods during Depression (made things worse by stopping international trade). |
| Bonus Army | WWI veterans marched in demand for early payment of a bonus due in 1945 (driven away by federal soldiers). |
| Election of 1928 | Al Smith (Dem) vs. Herbert Hoover (Rep), Hoover wins with a landslide because Smith is a catholic, and Hoover's career before becoming president is impecable. Hoover condemned government regulation as an interfering with economic opportunities of regular citizens |
| NEW DEAL | title |
| Franklin D Roosevelt (F.D.R.) | In charge of New deal policies during the Great depression and president during the war. contracted polio in 1921. Becomes president as a democrat in 1932 |
| 21st Amendment | Repealed prohibition. Ratified in 1933 |
| "hundred days" | largest expansion of federal government in US history (F.D.R.'s first 100 days in office) |
| Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation | insured peoples bank accounts as part of the Glass-Steagall Act |
| Emergency Banking Relief Act (EBRA) | gave funds to bail out institutions |
| Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) | Created jobs for projects (forest preservation, flood control,national parks, wildlife preserves...) |
| Federal Housing Administration (FHA) | insured millions of long-term morgages issued by private banks and built low-cost housing |
| National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) | Worked with businesses to set standards for: output, prices, working conditions... |
| National Recovery Administration | Blue Eagle; Worked with businesses. Established standards for output, prices, and working conditions. |
| Public Works Administration (PWA) | $3.3 billion. Built roads, schools, hospitals, and other public facilities. |
| Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) | Raise farm prices by setting quotas and paying farmers not to plant. Its purpose was to reduce crop surplus so as to effectively raise the value of crops, thereby giving farmers relative stability again. |
| Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) | Built dams to prevent floods and provide cheap electric power (spread electricity to many new places). |
| Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) | Relief: 1932, response to Federal Emergency Relief Act; headed by Harry Hopkins; fought adult unemployment, gave money away, short term solution to unemployment; gave state/localities $3.1 billion; 20,000,000 got work; lasted from May 1933 to December 1935 |
| Schechter v. US | Violated health code (sold bad chicken), declared the NRA unlawful (its codes gave legislative powers to executive branch (attempted to regulate small businesses that didn't engage in interstate commerce)). |
| Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) | Labor organization. Created unions in the main bastions of the American economy. |
| Huey Long | protestor, Pop./Soc.. "Share Our Wealth." Take money from rich, give it to poor, and give them jobs. Displeased with slow economic recovery. Became governor of Louisiana. Got seat on Senate. Used powers to build roads, schools, hospitals, and raise taxes on oil companies. |
| Francis Townsend | made a plan where gov't. would pay the old $200 a month with the requirement that they must spend it (get consumerism started = economy recovers). |
| Court-packing | initiative to add more justices to the Supreme Court proposed by U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt shortly after his victory in the 1936 presidential election. (got court not to destroy his second new deal) would have granted the President power to appoint an additional Justice to the U.S. Supreme Court for every sitting member over the age of 70½, up to a maximum of six. |
| Second New Deal | New Program of reforms proposed by FDR administration in 1935 |
| Wagner Act | Gave workers right to form unions. created NLRB. |
| National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) | Supervised elections in which employees voted on union representation |
| Social Security Act (SSA) | Created unemployment insurance, old age pension, disability pension, $ for poor old ppl, and $ for families with dependant children |
| WW2 | title |
| Nye Committee | Committe that decided that the cause of WWI was profiteering |
| Neutrality Acts | 1. Forbids arm sales to belligerents. 2. No loans to belligerents. 3. Cash and Carry. 4. put previous 3 together and made it more rigorous |
| Cash + Carry | British can buy weapons from U.S., but must pay cash and provide their own ship (remain neutral). |
| Lend-Lease | Authorized military aid as long as the nation promised to return the debt after the war. |
| Atlantic Charter | Promised that the destruction of Nazi tyranny would be followed by open access to markets, the right to choose your own form of gov't., and global expansion of the New Deal. |
| Tri-Partite Pact | Ally agreement between Germany, Italy, and Japan. |
| Pearl Harbor | Dec. 7th 1941, Japanese air attack on naval base in Hawaii. |
| War Production Board (WPB) | Decided which companies would convert from peacetime to wartime production |
| National War Labor Board (NWLB) | Dealt with disputes between the management and the workers |
| Truman | Replaced FDR after his death. He made decision to drop atomic bomb. |
| Office of War Information (OWI) | Mobilize public opinion. Utilized radio, film, and press to spread the purpose of the war and give it meaning (Propoganda). Promoted definition of freedom |
| Exec. Order 9066 | Ordered expulsion of all persons of Japanese descent from the West Coast (sent them to Internment Camps). |
| Allied coalition | U.K., U.S., Russia. |
| D-Day | Invasion of Normand (amphibious attack) June 6, 1944 |
| Holocaust | Extinction of jews, gypsies, Slavs, and gays |
| Yalta Conference | In exchange for Russia entering war in Japan (after Hitler was defeated), Russia was given the Kurile Islands, part of Sakhalin, and part of Korea, and eastern Poland. |
| Potsdam Conference | Attended by U.S. (Truman), U.K. (Attlee), and Russia (Stalin). 1st decided that they required "unconditional surrender" from enemies. also made draft treaties with such countries as Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria... Russia demanded reparations for war, and agreements were made concerning German industry |
| United Nations | an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security (Security Council) |
| Manhattan Project | project to build atomic bomb |
| Hiroshima + Nagasaki | places hit by the atomic bomb |
| Midway | June 3-6 1942, Turning point in the war of the pacific. Devastating losses for Japanese navy. |
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