Bot380 Lec7b
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22 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Cholinergic Drug Plants | - Solanaceae: Nicotiana tabacum (nicotine)* - Arecaceae: Areca cathechu (arecoline) |
| Tobacco - genus, family - used in traditional medicine | Genus Nicotiana, Family Solanaceae - Native to South America - > 60 species Traditional medicine used to treat - Asthma - Cough - Toothache - Sedative - Scorpion sting and snakebite Tobacco leaf usage by Native South Americans predates coca leaf usage |
| Commercial Tobacco plant | Nicotiana tabacum - 'tabacum' is Native American word for pipe - This species produces tobacco that is used today |
| Introduction of tobacco to Europe | 1492, Columbus in Cuba: "natives drinking smoke" - Inhale smoke from leaves into nostrils Leaf introduced to Spain - Spanish tobacco 1500, Jean Nicot introduces tobacco to France - French Ambassador to Portugal - Ground leaves&seeds: Snuff for medicinal purposes (Active compound nicotine) 1700, Linnaeus named genus after Nicot Elizabethan England: smoking popularized by: - John Hawkins, Frances Drake, Walter Raleigh |
| Introduction of Tobacco to Europe | Jean Nicot |
| Tobacco and United States colonization | Nicotiana rustica - Small leaf species endemic to Eastern North America Early 17th century, N. rustica cultivated in Virginia by John Rolfe : it sucked - not competitive with broad leaf cousin N. tabacum 1612, Virginia colony obtains seeds of N. tabacum which becomes known as Virginia tobacco 1619, major export of American colonies to England - Breaks Spanish tobacco monopoly - Success of tobacco leads to increased colonization - Changes agricultural approaches towards large scale growth of single crop |
| Tobacco Plantations are the... | Forerunners of other plantations: - tea - coffee - cotton - hemp - wheat |
| Nicotine | major alkaloid in tobacco - Stored in leaf - Synthesized in root - Derived from aspartic acid 1828: isolated Pyrrolidine is the alkaloid class for nicotine |
| Physiological effects of nicotine - Generally | Stimulant, depressant, tranquilizer, narcotic - Analgesic-like effect |
| Physiological effects of nicotine - Autonomic (peripheral) nervous system | @ Low nicotine concentrations --Increased blood pressure --Increased heart rate --Nausea, dizziness, general weakness --Neuromuscular blockade: Muscle relaxant @ High nicotine concentrations --Convulsions --Death by suffocation: Paralysis of respiratory muscles |
| Physiological effects of nicotine - CNS | - Suppresses appetite - reduces anxiety - activates dopaminergic reward system |
| Physiological effects of nicotine | Stimulant, depressant, tranquilizer, narcotic - Analgesic-like effect Autonomic (peripheral) nervous system @ Low nicotine concentrations --Increased blood pressure --Increased heart rate --Nausea, dizziness, general weakness --Neuromuscular blockade: Muscle relaxant @ High nicotine concentrations --Convulsions --Death by suffocation: Paralysis of respiratory muscles CNS - Suppresses appetite, reduces anxiety, activates dopaminergic reward system |
| Pharmacology of nicotine: Pharmacodynamics - what it affects - how? | Affects CNS and PNS 1. Mimics acetylcholine action at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that are - Initially acts as agonist, then desensitizes the receptor, and acts as an antagonist 2. Secondary mechanism - May cause release of: -- epinephrine from adrenal glands -- norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain - NOTE: Effects vary depending on concentration |
| Acetylcholine action at the synapse: | SLIDE 24 - opens at neuro muscular junctions & CNS neurons |
| NAChR - what is it? - how it opens. effect | a Na+ channel Binding of acetylcholine to the receptor opens the sodium channel Sodium influx into cells is correlated with the physiological response seen - Action potential produced is an electrical signal that activates downstream neurons or target organs |
| NAChR - drug that acts on it? - mechanism of interaction | Nicotine Nicotine competes with acetylcholine for binding - Initially acts as an agonist, then desensitizes the receptor and acts as an antagonist - Because NAChRs are expressed throughout the PNS and CNS, and acetylcholine action is prevalent at cholinergic synapses, nicotine has many effects |
| NAChRs regulate | sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system pathways at ganglia SLIDE 26 |
| Pharmacology of Nicotine: Pharmacokinetics -delivery -toxicity -addition -Fetal effects | Smoking tobacco - Efficient at drug delivery - 90% of inhaled nicotine has potential to be absorbed - 12 mg of nicotine in a cigarette, 1mg delivered Toxicity - Lethal dose, 60 mg Addiction - 15 cigarettes per day - 7.5-30 mg Fetal effects - Nicotine and other compounds can cross the placenta |
| Nicotine is Addictive: Withdrawal symptoms | include craving, mood changes, cognitive deficits, sleep disturbance Increased correlation of depression and smoking |
| Nicotine is Addictive: why? | Habit forming - Positive reinforcement: nicotine causes mood elevation and cognitive enhancement - Reward due to stimulation of dopamine limbic system - Negative reinforcement: anxiety reduction |
| Nicotine is Addictive: treatment | May treat with nicotine replacement: -Try to break with smoking habit first Treatment with antidepressants |
| Carcinogenic and toxic compounds in tobacco smoke - problems it cause - particulates? - gases? | Smoking is correlated with cancer, pulmonary and cardiovascular disease - Carcinogens in cigarette smoke inhibit cancer suppressor gene P53 Respiratory problems - Emphysema - Labored breathing, wheezing, chest pain Particulates - Nicotine,Tobacco tars and resins, Phenolics, Nitrosamines, Oils, Formic acid, butyric acid, acetic acid Gases - Nitrogen, Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, Ammonia, Hydrogen sulfide, Hydrogen cyanide |
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