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'Strong connective tissues that perform a number of functions, including developing and isolating the muscles of the body and providing structural support and protection Fascia A bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium (a sheath of connective tissue that covers a bundle of muscle fibers). Fascicle One of several types of muscle fibers found in skeletal muscle tissue; characterized as having a low oxidative capacity but a high gylcolytic capacity; recruited for rapid, powerful movements such as dumping, throwing, and sprinting; also called type II fibers. Fast-twitch muscle fiber. An essential mutrient that provides energy, energy storage, insulation, and contour to the body. 1 gram equals 9 kcal. Fat Vitamins that, when consumed, are stored in the body (particularly the liver and fat tissues); includes Vitamins A, D, E, and K. Fat-soluble vitations. Long hydrocarbon chains with an even number of carbons and varying degrees of saturation with hydrogen. Fatty acids. A condition consisting of a combination of disordered eating, menstrual irregularities and decreased bone mass in athletic women. Female athlete triad Intensity of aerobic exercise at which ventilation starts to increase in a non-linear fashion in response to an accumulation of metabolic by-products in the blood. First ventilatory threshold (VT1) A position of the spine that minimizes the natural curve by placing the pelvis in a slight posterior tilt. Flat-back posture. The ability to move joints through their normal full ranges of motion. Flexibility The act of moving a joint so that the two bones forming it are brought closer together. Flexion Holes or openings in a bone or between body cavities. Foramina The mechanism by which an increased amount of blood in the ventricle places a stretch on the cardiac muscle fibers, thereby causing a stronger ventricular contraction to increase the amount of blood ejected. Frank-Starling mechanism. A fatty acid that is only loosely bound to plasma proteins in the blood. Fatty acids are used by the body as a metabolic fuel. Free fatty acid (FFA) A longitudinal section that runs at a right angle to the sagittal plane, diving the body into anterior and posterior portions. Frontal plane Fruit sugar; the sweetest of the monosaccharides; found in varying levels in different types of fruits. Fructose. The support on which a lever rotates when moving or lifting something. Fulcrum The maximum physical performance represented by maximal oxygen consumption Functional capacity. A monosaccharide; a component of lactose. Galatose A group of nerve cell bodies usually located in the peripheral nervous system. Ganglia The process by which food is emptied from the stomach into the small intestines. Gastric emptying A long hollow tube from mouth to anus where digestion and absorption occur. Gastrointestinal tract A three-stage (alarm, adaptation, and exhaustion) universal process first defined by researcher Hans Selye in 1936 that describes the body's response to stress. General adaption syndrome The ball-and-socket joint composed of the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the humeral head. Glenohumeral (G/H) Joint A fast-acting hormone released from the alpha cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are low; stimulates an almost instantaneous release of glucose from the liver to increase blood glucose. Also releases free fatty acids from adipose tissues to be used a fuel Glucagon An adrenocortical steroid hormone that increases gluconeogeness, exerts an anti-inflammatory effect and influences many bodily fuctions. Glucocorticoid The production of glucose from non-sugar substrates such as pyruvate, lactate, glycerol and glucogenic amino acids. Gluconeogenesis A simple sugar; the form in which all carbohydrates are used as the body's principal energy source. Glucose. A anking of carbohydrates on a scale from 0 to 100 according to the extent to which they raise blood sugar levels. Glycemic Index (GI) A measure of glycemic response to a food that takes into consideration serving size, GL=Glycemic index x Grams of carbohydrate. Glycemic Load (GL) The chief carbohydrate storage material; formed by the liver and stored in the liver and muscle. Glycogen The breakdown of liver and muscle glycogen to yield blood glucose. Glycogenolysis The breadkown of glucose or of its storage form, glycogen. Glycolysis A specialized mechanoreceptor located in the joint capsule responsible for detecting joint compression. Any weightbearing activity stimulates these receptors. Golgi-Mazzoni corpuscle A sensory organ with a tendon that, when stimulated, causes an inhibition of the entire muscle group to protect against too much force. Golgi tendon organ (GTO) A slow-acting hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that facilitates protein synthesis in the body and decreases glucose uptake by the tissues. Growth hormone The number of heart beats per minute. Heart rate A simple sugar; the form in which all carbohydrates are used as the body's principal energy source. Glucose The reserve capacity of the heart; the difference between maximal heart rate and resting heart rate. It reflects the heart's ability to increase the rate of beating and cardiac output above a resting level to maximal intensity. Heart-rate reserve (HRR) A measure of the number of red cells found in the blood, stated as a percentage of the total blood volume. The normal range is 43-49% in men and 37-43% in women. Hematocrit A large bruise or collection of blood under the skin, producing discoloration and swelling in the area; usually caused by trauma. Hematoma A lipoprotein that carries excess cholesterol from arteries to the liver. High density lipoprotein (HDL) A chemical substance produced and released by an endocrine glad and transported through the blood to a target oran. Hormones. Extension of an articulation beyond anatomical position. Hyperextension Flexion of an articulation beyond anatomical position. Hyperflexion Abnormally low levels of sodium ions circulating in the blood; can lead to brain swelling and death. Hyponatremia A diminished blood supply to the tissues. Hypoperfusion Low Blood pressure Hypotension A condition in which there is an inadequate supply of oxygen to tissues. Hypoxia The physiological adaptation to repeated exposure to physical exertion in the heat, occurring over a relatively brief period of time (days to weeks). Heat acclimation Guidelines regarding when exercise can be safely undertaken or when it should be avoided on measures of heat and humidity. Heat Index The protein molecule in red blood cells specifically adapted to carry oxygen molecules (by bonding them) Hemoglobin The formation of red blood cells Hemopoiesis A lipoprotein that carries excess cholesterol from the arteries to the liver. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) An internal state of physiological balance. Homeostasis An excess of cholesterol in the blood. Hypercholesterolemia Extension of an articulation beyond anatomical position. Hyperextension Increased cell production in normal tissue. An excess of normal tissue. Hyperplasia. High blood pressure, or the elevation of resting blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. Hypertension Abnormally high body temperature. Hyperthermia Having extreme muscular tension Hypertonic An increase in the cross-sectional size of a muscle in response to progressive resistance training. Hypertrophy A greater-than-normal rate of breathing that results in an abnormal loss of carbon dioxide from the blood; dizziness may occur. Hyperventilation A deficiency of glucose in the blood commonly caused by too much insulin, too little glucose, or too much exercise. Most commonly found in the insulin-dependent diabetic and characterized by symptoms such as fatigue, dizziness, confusion, headache, nausea, or anxiety. Hypoglycemia. Abnormally low levels of sodium ions circulating in the blood; can lead to brain swelling and death. Hyponatremia Abnormally low body termperature. Hypothermia