Psychology Glossary
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121 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Abnormal grief (complicated, unresolved) | grief extending over a long period of time without resolution |
| Acute Grief | the intense physical and emotional expression of grief occurring as the awareness increases of a loss of someone or something significant |
| Adaptation | the individual's ability to adjust to the psychological and emotional changes brought on by a stressful event such as the death of a significant other |
| Affect | feelings and their expression |
| Aftercare (Post-funeral counseling) | those appropriate and helpful acts of couneling that come after the funeral |
| AIDS | Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome |
| Aggression | the intentional infliction of physical or psychological harm on another |
| Alarm | fear or anxiety caused by the sudden realization of danger |
| Alienation | the state of estrangement an individual feels in social settings that are viewed as foreign, unpredictable or unacceptable |
| Alternatives | a choice of services and merchandise available as families make a selection and complete funeral arrangements; formulating different actions in adjusting to a crisis |
| Anger | blame directed toward another person |
| Anomic Grief | a term to describe the experience of grief, especially in young bereaved parents, where mourning customs are unclear due to an inappropriate death and the absence of prior bereavement experience; typical in a society that has attempted to minimize the impact of death through medical control of disease and social control of those who deal with the dying and the dead |
| Anticipatory Grief | a syndrome characterized by the presence of grief in anticipation of death or loss; the actual death comes as a confirmation of knowledge of a life-limiting condition |
| Anxiety | a state of tension, typically characterized by rapid heartbeat and shortness of breath; an emotion characterized by a vague fear or premonition that something undesirable is going to happen |
| At-Need Counseling | a death has occurred and the funeral director is counseling with the family as they select the services and items of merchandise in completeing arrangements for the funeral service of their choice |
| Attachment Theory (Bowlby) | the tendency in human beings to make strong affectional bonds with others coming from the need for security and safety |
| Attending (Listening) | giving undivided attention by means of verbal and non-verbal behavior |
| Attitude | a learned tendency to resond to people, objects, or institutions in a positive or negative way |
| Bereavement | the act or event of separation or loss that results in the experience of grief |
| Chronic grief | excessive in duration and never comes to satisfactory conclusion |
| Client-Centered Counseling (Person-centered) | a phrase coined by Carl Rogers to refer to that type of counseling where one comes actively and voluntarily to gian help on a problem, but without any notion of surrendering his own responsibiity for the situation; a non-directive method of counseling which stresses the inherent worth of the client and the natural capacity for growth and health |
| Cognitive | from the Latin, "to know"; the study of the origins and consequences of thoughts, memories, beliefs, perceptions, explanations, and other mental processes |
| Committal Service | the rite of finality in a funeral service preceding cremation, earth burial, entombment or burial at sea |
| Communication | a general term for the exchange of information, feelings, thoughts, and acts between two or more people, including both verbal and non-verbal aspects of this interchange |
| Complicated (unresolved, chronic) Grief | grief extending over a long period of time without resolve |
| Congruence | according to client-centered counseling, the necessary quality of a counselor being in touch with reality and with others' perception of one's self |
| Coping | characteristic ways of responding to stress |
| Counselee | the individual seeking assistance or guidance |
| Counseling (Webster) | advice, especially that given as a result of consultation |
| Counseling (Jackson) | any time someone helps someone else with a problem |
| Counseling (Rogers) | good communication within and between people; or, good (free) communication between people is always therapeutic |
| Counseling (Ohlsen) | a therapeutic experience for reasonably healthy persons. Do not confuse this with psycholtherapy which is treatment for emotionally disturbed persons who seek (or are refered for) assistance before they develop serious neurotic, psychotic, or character disorders |
| Counselor | the individual providing assistance and guidance |
| Crisis | a highly emotional temporary state in which an individual's feelings of anxiety, grief, confusion, or pain impair his or her ability to act |
| Crisis Counseling | interventions for a highly emotional, temprorary state in which individuals overcome by feelings of anxiety, grief, confusion, or pain are unable to act in a realistic normal manner. Intentional response which helps an individual in a crisis situation |
| Death Anxiety | a learned emotional response to death-related phenomena which is characterized by extreme apprehension |
| Delayed Grief (Worden) | inhibited, suppressed, or postponed response to a loss |
| Denial | the defense mechanism by which a person is unable or refuses to see things as they are because such facts are threatening to the self |
| Directive Counseling | counselor takes a live speaking role, asking questions, suggesting courses of action, etc |
| Discrimination | treating members of various social groups differently in circumstances where their rights or treatment should be identical |
| Displaced Aggression | a defense mechanism in which anger is redirected toward a person or object other than the one who provided the anger originally |
| Displacement | redirection of emotion to other targets |
| Dyad | two units regarded as a pair; for example, husband and wife |
| Ego defense mechanisms | uncnscious, irrational means used by the ego to defend against anxiety |
| Emtoion | the outward expression or display of mood or feelings |
| Emotions | feelings such as happiness, anger, or grief, created by brain patterns accompanied by bodily changes |
| Empathy (Wolfelt) | the ability to enter into and share the feelings of others |
| Emotional Expression | the outward expression or display ofmood or feeling states |
| Euthanasia (Right to Die) | an act or practiced of allowing the death or persons suffering from a life-limiting condition |
| Exaggerated Grief (Worden) | persons are usually conscious of the relationship of the reaction to the death, but the reaction to the current experience is excessive and diabling |
| Facilitate | to assist understanding of the circumstances of situations an indivial is experincing, and to assist that person in the selection of an alternative adjustment if necessary |
| Fear | strong emotion marked by such reactions as alarm, dread, and disquiet |
| Focusing | centering a client's thinking and feelings on the situation causing a problem and assisting the person in choosing the behavior or adjustment to solve the problem |
| Frustration | the state of being prevented from attaining a purpose; thwarted; the blocking of satisfaction by some kind of obstacle |
| Funeral Rite | an oranized, flexible, purposeful, group-centered, time-limited response to death which reflects reverence, dignity, and respect |
| Funeral Service Psychology | the study of human behavior as related to funeral service |
| Genuineness (Wolfelt) | the ability to present one's self sincerely |
| Goals | adjustment, motivational in nature, to be achieved |
| Grief | an emotion or set of emotions due to a loss |
| Grief Counseling | helping people facilitate uncomplicated grief to a healthy completion of the tasks of grieving within a reasonable time frame |
| Grief Syndrome (Lindemann) | a set of symptoms associated with loss |
| Grief Therapy (Worden) | specialized techniques which are used to help people with complicated grief reactions |
| Griefwork (Lindemann) | a process occurring with loss, aimed at loosening the attachment to the dead for reinvestment in the living |
| Guidance | support or support system provided to the counselee who is seeking an alternative adjustment to problems |
| Guilt | blame directed toward one's self based on real or unreal conditions |
| Homicide | the killing of one human being by another |
| Hospice | historically an inn for travelers, especially one kept by a religious order; also used to indicate a concept deigned to treat patients with a life-limiting condition |
| Illustrating | detailed examples of adjustments, choices or alternatives available to the client or counselee from which a course of action may be selected |
| Informational Counseling | counseling in which a counselor shares a body of special information with a counselee |
| Interpersonal attraction | social attraction to another person |
| Living Will | a document which governs the withholding or withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment from an individual in the event of an incurable or irreversible condition that will cause death with in a relatively short time, and which such person is no longer able to make decisions regarding his/her medical treatment |
| Masked Grief (Worden) | occurs when persons experience symptoms and behaviors which cause them difficulty, but do not see or recognize the fact that these are related to the loss |
| Mitigation | any event, person, or object that lessens the degree of pain in grief |
| Motivation | the process that initiates, directs, and sustains behavior satisfying physiological or psychological needs |
| Mourning | an adjustment processthat involves grief or sorrow over a period of time and helps in the reorganization of the life of an individual following a loss or death of someone loved |
| Non-Verbal Communication | that which is expressed by posture, facial expression, actions, or physical behavior; that which is communicated by any means except verbally |
| Option | choice of actions provided through counseling as a means of solving the counelee's dilemma |
| Panic | a strong emotion charaterized by sudden and extreme fear |
| Paraphrasing | expressing a thought or idea in an alternate and sometimes a shortened form |
| Personality | a relatively stable system of determining tendencies within an individual |
| Person centered (client centered) counseling | a phrase coined by Carl Rogers to refer to that type of counseling where one comes actively and voluntarily to gain help on a problem, but without any notion of surrendering his own responsibility or the situation; a non-directive method of counseling which stresses the inherent worth of the client and the natural capacity for growth and health |
| Persuasion | a deliberate attempt to change attitudes of belief with information and arguments |
| Positive Regard | according to Carl Rogers, accepting the client or counselee as he or she is, without imposing judgments or stipulations |
| Post-Funeral Counseling (aftercare) | those appropriate and helpful acts of counseling that come after the funeral |
| Prejudice | negative attitude towards others based on their gender, religion, race or membership in a particular group |
| Pre-Need Counseling | that counseling which occurs before death |
| Projection | attribution of one's unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or behaviors to someone else |
| Psychiatrist | a medical doctor with a specialty in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders |
| Psychology | the study of human behavior |
| Psychotherapy (Jackson) | intervention with people whose needs are so specific that usually they can only be met by specially trained physicians or psychologists. The practitioners in this field need special training because they often work with deeper levels of consciousness |
| Rapport | a relation of harmony, conformity, accord, or affinity established in any human interaction |
| Rationalization | supplying a logical, socially acceptable reason rather than the real reason for an action |
| Regression | a defense mechanism used in grief to return to more familiar and often more primitive modes of coping |
| Repression | blocking of threatening material from consciousness |
| Resistance | an adaptive maneuver characterized by an inability or unwillingness to act with the aim of asserting or sustaining individual control, autonomy or self-esteem |
| Respect (Wolfelt) | the ability to commmunicate the belief that everyone possesses the capacity and right to choose alternatives and make decisions |
| Restitution | according to Simos, a compelling need by which the indiviual attempts to restore inner psychological equilibrium, uniting past, present, and futre in the cycle from loss and the fear of loss to acceptance |
| Ritual | any act that is charged with symbolic content |
| Searching | preoccupied and intense thoughts about the deceased |
| Shame | the assumption of blame directed toward one's self by others |
| Shock | the reaction of the body to an event; often experienced emotionally as a sudden, violent, and upsetting disturbance |
| Situational Counseling | related to specific situations in life that may create crises and produce human pain and suffering. This type of counseling adds another dimension to the giving of information, in that it deals with significant fellings that are produced by life crises |
| Social Comparison | making judgments about ourselves through comparison with others |
| Social Facilitation | a phenomenon that occurs when an individual's performance improves because of the presence of others |
| Stress | life events and minor hassles that exert pressure or strain |
| Stressor | any event capable of producing physical or emotional stress |
| Sublimintation | redirection of emotion to culturally or socially useful purposes |
| Sudden Infant Death Syndrome | SIDS or Crib Death - the sudden and unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant which remains unexplained after complete autopsy and review of the circumstances around the death |
| Suicide | a deliberate act of killing oneself |
| Suicidal Gesture | an unsuccessful attempt made by a person to end his or her own life |
| Suicidal Ideation | thoughts of ending one's life |
| Summary | a brief review of points covered in a portion of the counseling session |
| Suppression | a more or less conscious postponment of addressing anxieties and concerns |
| Survivor Guilt | guilt felt by family and friends after a death |
| Sympathy | sincere feelings for the person who is trying to adjust to a serious loss |
| Thanatology | the study of death |
| Thanatophobia | an irrational, exaggerated fear of death |
| Threat | a statement or action which creates anxiety in an individual's life |
| Unresolved (abnormal, complicated) Grief | see abnormal grief |
| Verbal Communication | spoken, oral communication |
| Warmth and Caring (Wolfelt) | the ability to be considerate and fiendly as demonstrated by both verbal and non-verbal behaviors |
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