1.
"social question": issues relating to workers and women, in western Europe during the Industrial Revolution; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870.
2.
Albert Einstein: formulated mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; about 1900 issued the theory of relativity.
3.
American Civil War (1861-1865): fought to prevent secession of the southern states; the first war to incorporate the products and techniques of the Industrial Revolution; resulted in the abolition of slavery and the reunification of the United States.
4.
American exceptionalism: historical argument that the development of the United States was largely individualistic and that contact with Europe was incidental to American formation.
5.
American Revolution: rebellion of the British American Atlantic seaboard colonies; ended with the formation of the independent United States.
6.
Balkan nationalism: movements to create independent states and reunite ethnic groups in the Balkans; provoked crises within the European alliance system that ended with the outbreak of World War I.
7.
Belgian Revolution of 1830: produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a constitutional monarchy.
8.
Benjamin Disraeli: British politician; granted the vote to working-class males in 1867; an example of conservative politicians keeping stability through reform.
9.
Camillo di Cavour: architect of Italian unification in 1858; created a constitutional Italian monarchy under the King of Piedmont.
10.
Charles Darwin: biologist who developed the theory of evolution of species; argued that all living forms evolved through the successful ability to adapt in a struggle for survival.
11.
Chartist Movement: unsuccessful attempt by British artisans and workers to gain the vote during the 1840s.
12.
Congress of Vienna: met in 1815 after the defeat of France to restore the European balance of power.
13.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen: adopted during the French Revolution; proclaimed the equality of French citizens; became a source document for later liberal movements.
14.
factory system: intensification of all of the processes of production at a single site during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and increased discipline.
15.
feminist movements: sought legal and economic gains for women, among them equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on the right to vote; won initial support from middle-class women.
16.
French Revolution: overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy through a revolution beginning in 1789; created a republic and eventually ended with Napoleon's French empire; the source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe.
17.
French Revolution of 1830: second revolution against the Bourbon dynasty; a liberal movement which created a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy.
18.
French Revolution of 1848: overthrew the French monarchy established in 1830; briefly established the 2nd French Republic.
19.
Greek revolution: rebellion of the Greeks against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; a key step in the disintegration of the Turkish Balkan empire.
20.
guillotine: introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized during the French Revolution against thousands of individuals, especially during the Reign of Terror.
21.
James Watt: devised a steam engine in the 1770s that could be used for production in many industries; a key step in the Industrial Revolution.
22.
Karl Marx: German socialist who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached the inevitability of social revolution and the creation of a proletarian dictatorship.
23.
liberalism: political ideology that flourished in 19th-century western Europe; stressed limited state interference in private life, representation of the people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments.
24.
Louis Pasteur: discoverer of germs and of the purifying process named after him.
25.
Louis XVI: Bourbon ruler of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution.
26.
Luddites: workers in Britain who responded to the replacement of their labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy machines; named after the fictional worker Ned Ludd.
27.
mass leisure culture: an aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacation trips and team sports.
28.
Maximilien Robespierre: leader of the radical phase of the French Revolution; presided over the Reign of Terror; arrested and executed by moderate revolutionaries.
29.
Napoleon Bonaparte: army officer who rose in rank during the wars of the French Revolution; ended the democratic phase of the revolution; became emperor; deposed and exiled in 1815.
30.
nationalism: European 19th-century viewpoint; often allied with other "isms"; urged the importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on ethnic origins.
31.
Otto von Bismarck: conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under the Prussian king in 1871; utilized liberal reforms to maintain stability.
32.
population revolution: huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to industrialization.
33.
protoindustrialization: preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers become full or parttime producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to the Industrial Revolution.
34.
radicals: followers of a 19th-century western European political emphasis: advocated broader voting rights than liberals; urged reforms favoring the lower classes.
35.
Reform Bill of 1832: British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class.
36.
revisionism: socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political institutions.
37.
Revolutions of 1848: the nationalist and liberal movements within the Habsburg Empire (Italy, Germany, Austria, Hungary); after temporary success they were suppressed.
38.
Romanticism: 19th western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection.
39.
Sigmund Freud: Viennese physician who developed theories of the workings of the human unconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses.
40.
socialism: political ideology in 19th-century Europe; attacked private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of the means of production and an end to the capitalistic exploitation of the working class.
41.
transformismo: political system in Italy that allied conservative and liberals in support of the status quo.
42.
Triple Alliance: alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of the European balance of power system before World War I.
43.
Triple Entente: agreement between Britain, Russia, and France in 1907; part of the European balance of power system before World War I.
