Biology 111: Exam 1
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sumobob123 on February 5, 2012
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58 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 polymers | carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, built by chains of monomers |
| dehydration reactions | monomers form larger molecules by releasing water molecules |
| hydrolysis | polymers disassemble |
| carbohydrates | -fuel, carbon sources that can be converted to other molecules or combined into polymers -monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides |
| hydroxyl | -OH -polar |
| carbonyl | - O=C -Ketones and aldehydes |
| ketones | carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton -acetone |
| aldeyhyde | -the carbonyl groups is at the end of the carbon skeleton -propanol |
| carboxyl | - O=C-OH -organic acids, like acetic acid -acts as a acid and found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of 1- -can donate an H+ |
| amino | -NH2 -acts as a base -can pick up and H+ from surrounding solution |
| sulfhydryl | -SH -thiols: cysteine -two of these can react forming covalent bonds -cross-linking |
| phosphate | - O=P-2OH-O -contributes a negative charge to the molecule of which it is a part -molecules with this group have the potential to react with water, releasing energy |
| methyl | -CH3 -addition of this group to DNA or molecules bound to DNA, affects the expression of genes |
| dehydration synthesis | -process in which monomers are connected by a reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other, with the loss of a water molecule, forming sugar |
| fatty acid | -a long carbon skeleton, part of a carboxyl group -nonpolar, causes hydrophobia, which allows fat to separate from water |
| triglycerides | -contains three fatty acid molecules bonded to one glycerol by an ester linkage, a bond between a hydroxyl and a carboxyl -store energy, protection for inner layers, provides structure in brain, saturated/unsaturated fats |
| phospholipids | -essential for cells because they make up the cell membrane -two fatty acids attached to a glycerol, which is joined to a phosphate group -hydrocarbon tail is hydrophobic, while the phosphate group attaches to form a hydrophilic head -assemble into bilayers when added to water |
| steroids | -lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings -different groups attach to these rings forming hormones |
| protein | -a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides, each folded and fouled into a specific three-d structure -every function of a living thing depends on these -amino acids, enzymes etc |
| amino acids | -same set of 20 constructs all proteins |
| enzymatic proteins | -selective acceleration of chemical reactions |
| defensive proteins | -protection against disease -antibodies |
| storage proteins | -holds amino acids |
| transport proteins | -movement of substances through body and cell -hemoglobin |
| hormonal proteins | -coordination of an organism's activities -insulin |
| receptor proteins | -response of cell to chemical stimuli -nerve cells |
| contractile and motor proteins | -movement -flagella |
| structural proteins | -support -keratin, chitin, collage |
| polypeptides | -unique linear amino acid sequence -N-terminus and C-terminus -when folded together with other, makes up a molecule |
| primary structure | -linked, linear series of amino acids, with a unique sequence -dictates other structures due to the chemical nature of the backbone and the side chains (R-groups) |
| secondary structure | -regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide chain, coiled into patterns -alpha helix, ß- pleated sheet |
| alpha helix | -a delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid |
| ß- pleated sheet | -two or more strands of the polypeptide chain lying side by side are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel polypeptide backbones |
| tertiary structure | -overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains of the various amino acids |
| quaternary structure | -the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of these polypeptide subunits |
| denaturation | -if the pH, salt concentration, temperature or other aspects of the environment are altered, the weak bonds and interactions within a protein may be destroyed, causing the protein to change shape and unravel |
| chaperonins | -protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins |
| nucleic acids | -polymers made of monomers called nucleotides, that determine primary structure |
| nucleotide | -a monomer consisting of three parts: a nitrogenous base, a pentose, and one or more phosphate group |
| nitrogenous bases | -pyrimidines and purines |
| pyrimidines | -one, six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms -cytosine, thymine and uracil |
| purines | -six-membered ring fused to a five member ring -adenine and guanine |
| cytoskeleton | -reinforces cell's shape; functions in cell movement; components are made of proteins -includes: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules |
| peroxisome | -organelle with various specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product, then converts it to water |
| mitochondria | -organelle where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated |
| lysosome | -digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed -only in animal cells |
| golgi apparatus | -organelle active in synthesis, modifications, sorting and secretion of cell products |
| ribosomes | -complexes that make proteins; free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope |
| plasma membrane | -membrane enclosing the cell; made of phospholipids |
| nucleus | -membrane containing the genetic material of the cell |
| nuclear envelope | -double membrane enclosing the nucleus, perforated by pores, continuous with the ER |
| nucleolus | -nonmembranous structure involved in production of ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli |
| chromatin | -material consisting of DNA and proteins; visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes |
| endoplasmic reticulum | -network of membranous sacs and tubes active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metabolic processes; has rough (ribosome studded) and smooth regions |
| microtubules | -maintains cell shape (compression resistant "girders") -cell motility (as in cilia or flagella) -chromosome mvmt. in cell division -organelle mvmt. |
| microfilaments | -two intertwined strands of action, each a polymer of actin subunits -maintenacne of cell shape (tension bearing elements) -muscle contraction -cytoplasmic streaming -cell motility (as in pseudopodia) -cell division (cleavage furrow formation) |
| intermediate filaments | -fibrous proteins supercoiled into thicker cables -i.e. keratin -maintenance of cell shape (tension bearing elements) -anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles |
| van der Waals interactions | -ever-changing regions of positive and negative charge that enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another -weak and occur only when atoms are close together |
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