1.
3 terrible June days: try to overthrow assembly to establish a new state
- led to February coalition with Louis Napoleon as head
2.
1830 French Revolution: Constitutional Charter (Louis XVIII of 1814) = liberal constitution
- protect peasants' rights, freedom, and created upper and lower houses of gov.
- King Charles = royalist ministers, limited voting rights, reactionary who wanted to restore France's old order,
- FAIL and "3 glorious days"= collapse of French gov. by July Revolution
3.
1848 Austrian Revolution: liberals were inspired and demanded rights and a new constitution
- revolt failed and monarchy retook control
- nationalistic because of Hungary's desire to separate
- Ferdinand I promised:
1. liberal constitution to calm the masses
2. abolished serfdom--> end rev. desires
3. metternich fled--> show end to conservatism
4.
1848 Greek Revolution: tired of repression from Ottoman turks and inspired by nationalism
- led by Ysplanti
- supported by Europeans and Americans because of their culture
- declared independent by GB, France, and Russia
5.
1848 Prussian Revolution: wanted to transform absolutist Prussia into a liberal constitutional monarchy
- Fred William IV caved in and promised a liberal constitution
1. also created Prussian constituent assembly
- forget goal during war w/ Denmark for Schleswig and Holstein
- elected Fred William of Prussia as emperor of German Confederacy, but turned down and disbanded the assembly = revolts
6.
1848 Revolutions: 1. Greece- success
2. France (1.a = Louis Phillipe 1.b = republic)
3. Austria- nationalism
5. Italy
- GB and Russia avoided
7.
1848 Second Republic: 1. every man has right to vote
2. conflicting political views from different parties
3. economic depression and high unemployment
compromise:
1. set up national workshops and Blanc = study for modern workshops
8.
Anti-Corn Law League: rid of grain law
9.
Arkwright: invented the water frame--> boom in textile industry and need for factories
10.
Battle of Peterloo: protest against the Six Acts at St. Peter's fields
- peasants demand liberal reforms
11.
Blanc: "Organization of Work"- urged workers to work for universal voting rights to take over the state w/ peace
- state should set up workshops and factories to ensure employment
1. reorganize society to benefit workers and let them vote because need loudest reforms to make reform
2. right to work is an equally sacred right
12.
Carlsbad Decrees: required all 38 German states of the German confederation to root out bad ideas of newspapers and created a system of spies
- outlawed the Burschenschaften (association of people who believe in liberalism and nationalism)
13.
Cartwright: power loom
14.
Chadwick: sanitary theory and laws and 1st public health law with his reports
15.
Chamberlain: europeans = allowed to do whatever because of superiority assumed from Gobineau
- scientific racism
16.
changes in urban society: 1. population increase
2. growth of cities
17.
Chartist Movement: "People's Charter"- universal male suffrage
- main radical program in GB
18.
Conference at Troppau: Metternich called meeting to demand interference in Italy to repress revolution in Sicily and Spain
19.
Congress of Vienna: - between Russia, Prussia, GB, and Austria
1. restore Bourbon dynasty
2. barriers to prevent French aggression
3. France no = debt
4. balance of power
5. Russia= small Polish kingdom
6. Prussia= part of Saxony
7. Austria = Venetia and Lombardy
8. start of "congress system"- Concert of europe
9. created Kingdom of Holland
10. HRE no longer existed
11. collective security to prevent revolutions
20.
Constituent Assembly: 500 moderate republicans, 300 monarchists, and 100 radicals (socialists) for representation of the people
21.
Cort: puddling furnace which turned iron into coke (pig iron)
22.
cult of domesticity: ...
23.
Darwin: Origin of Species by NATURAL SELECTION
- studied Malful, Lamark, and Lyell
- all evolved over time and struggle to survive
24.
Decembersist's Revolt: revolt v. tsar
25.
dual revolution: economic and political developments at the same time that stimulated intellectual changes
26.
Faraday: 1st dynamo generator--> electric motor, electric light, ets.
27.
Fourier: total emancipation for women
- set up socialist communities where each has ideal agriculture and industry
radical:
1. no authority
2. republican
3. total emancipation for women
4. equality of sexes
28.
Freud: unconscious emotional needs form defense mechanisms
29.
Gobineau: essay on the inequality of the human races
30.
Hargreaves: cotton-spinning jenny
31.
Hegel: each age is dominated by a set of ideas and ideals and opposing ideas make a synthesis
- dialectic process of change- explain decline of feudalism and industrial capitalism
32.
Holy Alliance: Austria, Prussia, and Russia crusade against ideas of dual revolution
- symbol of repression and anti-liberalism
33.
James Watt: perfected the steam engine--> credited for it
34.
Lamarck: all life had arisen from long process of continuous adjustment to the environment
35.
Liberal influences in GB: 1. Factory act
2. slavery abolition act
3. catholic emancipation act
4. reform bill of 1832- increased # of voters by changing property requirements and by redistricting
36.
Liberal Reform in GB: - dominated by aristocracy
1. reform Corn Laws (regulated grain trade) by prohibiting importation of foreign grain
- much revolting
- gov responded by suspending right for assembly and habeus corpus
37.
liberalism: liberty and equality for all
wanted:
1. rep gov v. monarchy
2. equality before the law for all classes
3. individual freedoms (press, speech, etc)
4. laissez faire economy (Adam Smith and Wealth of Nations)
- popular with middle class but radicals wanted more
38.
Lister: clean for wound infections
- antiseptic principle
39.
Louis Phillipe: accepted constitutional charter and "king of the french people" after Charles fled
-"bourgeois monarchy"= FAIL because no legislations and limited voting rights
- refuse electoral reform = revolts in Paris
- Louis abdicated but wouldn't allow
- february revolution and set up a provisional gov. until elections
40.
Lyell: changing of Earth's surface over time v. short cataclysms
41.
Malthus: "Essay on the Principle of Population"- population always grows faster than the food supply and need war and famines to keep this from happening
42.
Marxism: "Communist Manifesto"
- appeal to middle and working classes
- interests of middle and working classes opposed each other
- bourgeoise v. proletariat
1. dialectic- conversation where thesis and opposing antithesis to create synthesis
2. economic determinism- economic factors = deciding factors
3. class system
4. inevitability of revolution
5. dictatorship of the proletariat to create a classless system
43.
Mendeleev: codified periodic law and periodic table
44.
Napoleon III: urban plan for paris created by Haussman
1. rid medieval streets
2. green spaces and parks
3. better sewage and water lines
4. mass transportation
5. availability of technology
45.
nationalism: national idea and culturally unity by identity by creating independent states
46.
new class system: 1. elite
2. middle classes: a. haute bourgeoise b. middle middle class c. petit bourgeoise
3. lower classes: a. labor aristocracy b. semi-skilled workers c. unskilled workers
47.
Pasteur: germ theory of disease and pasteurization
- disprove mieosmatic theory- bad smells make you sick
48.
Peel: GB's 1st police force
49.
Proudhon: "What is Property?"- argue that state stole property from workers and was against state (anarchist)
50.
Realism: Balzac, Flaubert, Zola, Eliot, and Tolstoy
51.
Reform Bill of 1832: 1. house of commons= main leg. body
2. eliminate old electoral districts and redistribute seats to give more rep. to urban society
52.
Revolutions in 1830: 1. France
2. Belgium - success
3. Italy- fail
4. Poland- revolt v. Nicholas I and conservative policy- fail
53.
Ricardo: iron law of wages- wages would always sink to subsistence level because of pressures of population growth
- wages are just high enough to prevent starvation
54.
Romanticism: v. the enlightenment and classicism
-belief in emotional exuberance, imagination, and lack of restraint
- against industrialism because it "corrupted"
- Rosseau, Constable, Wordsworth, Scott, Hugo, Grimm, Pushkin, and others
- Sturm and Drang
- rejected materialism
1. individualism
2. anti-enlightenment
- orientalism, look at past, nature, nationalism
55.
Russian program to promote nationality:: 1. orthodoxy as basis
2. autocracy
3. russification
56.
Savery and Newcomen: steam engines
57.
Six Acts (1819): heavy taxes and panned mass meetings
- Peterloo
58.
socialism: - began in France
-need reorganization of society because people were becoming too self-concerned and needed cooperation and community
- help poor
- reorganize economy to not depend on job competition
- gov regulation of private property and means of production
SO BASICALLY:
1. planning
2. greater economic equality
3. state regulation of property
59.
Spencer: human race is driven by brutal economic struggle
- social darwinism = survival of the fittest (popular with upper classes)
60.
St. Simon: parasites (aristocracy) v. doers (industrialists and scientists)
- doers should plan the economy and guide it w/ public works
- should "operate from each according to his capacity. To each according to his desserts"- do what you can and what you deserve
61.
Stephenson: "The Rocket"- train from liverpool to manchester
- important for trade, transportation, and was a model to other countries
62.
Ten Hours Act of 1847: limit workday for kids and women to 10 hrs.
63.
Tocqueville: "Democracy in America"
64.
why IR started in GB: 1. colonies- trade
2. agriculture- demand for goods = demand for trade
3. leadership and rep.
4. many workers
