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Nicolaus Copernicus a. leader of the scientific revolution who was a Polish scientist b. developed the heliocentric theory Johannes Kepler German astronomer who came up with the theory of planetary motion Galileo Galilei a. 1609- built the 1st telescope b. able to prove Copernicus' theory that the earth revolves around the sun as correct c. est. universal laws of physics- inertia d. Catholic Church forced him to recant his beliefs Issac Newton a. considered the greatest genius of the scientific Revolution b. est. theory of gravity c. developed calculus Francis Bacon a. English philosopher who helped develop the scientific method b. steps of the scientific method: observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and a scientific law proving it correct Rene Descartes a. French philosopher and mathematician who wrote Discourse on Method b. doubted everything except his own existence c. "I think therefore I am" Andrea Vesalius a. studied human anatomy b. published On the Fabric of the Human Body William Harvey blood circulates throughout the body Robert Hooke discovered the cell Robert Boyle a. est. chemistry as a science b. proved air was a mixture of several gases Joseph Priestly discovered existence of oxygen and the properties of dioxide Zacharias Janssen (1590) inventor of the first microscope Evangelista Torricelli invented the barometer (tool used to predict the weather) Philosophes the thinkers of the Enlightenment Thomas Hobbes a. English philosopher who came up with the idea of a social contract b. the contract meant that people would give up their freedom c. best form of a government was an absolute monarchy d. believed chaos would occur without an absolute monarchy John Locke a. Enlightenment influenced by is ideas b. believed people had a natural ability to govern their own affairs and look after the welfare of society c. government should protect 3 natural rights: right to life, liberty, and property d. published Two Treaties of Government; Jefferson based Declaration of Independence on Locke's ideas Montesquieu a. believed in the British government and the idea of separating government's power b. 3 Branches: executive branch, legislative, judicial (became the basis for the U.S. Constitution) Voltaire a. during his youth, spent 2 prison terms in Bastille for libel and mocking the church b. exiled to England c. wrote works that advocated free thought and tolerance (Candide) Denis Diderot a. editor and writer of the Encyclopedia b. not supported by the Catholic Church c. 28 volumes in total, completed in 1772 Jean-Jacues Rousseau a. wrote the social contract b. believed a legitimate government ruled with the consent of its people c. believed people should be dominant, not the monarchs Adam Smith a. supported the concept of laissez-faire b. wrote The Wealth of Nations c. believed the government had 3 roles: protect society from injustice and keep up public works citizens couldn't afford Mary Wollstonecraft a. considered the 1st feminist b. argued for women's rights and rights to participate in government c. wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart child prodigy who began composing music at age 5, operas are still performed today Joseph Haydn a. wrote superior symphonies for strings and woodwinds b. "Father of Symphony" Beethoven greatest European composer of all time, carried music into the age of romanticism Enlightened Despots a. monarchs who attempted to practice some of the political ideas of the Enlightenment b. aimed to rule according to principles of the Enlightenment while maintaining traditional powers c. Fredrick II of Prussia, Maria Theresa, Joseph II