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digestion the breaking down of food into chemical substance that can be used for energy mouth place where digestion begins bolus a chewed clump of food mechanical digestion breaking food into smaller parts by ripping, churning chemical digestion chemical change of food, enzymes break bonds of food molecules amylase enzyme in saliva that breakdown starches esophagus a long, straight tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach peristalsis the series of rythmic muscular contractions that move food through the digestive tract sphincters tight rings of muscles that close the esophagus after food has passed into stomach, functions to prevent backflow stomach a muscular, saclike organ located at the bottom of the esophagus pepsin enzyme that is found in gastric juices that helps break down proteins chyme liquefied food pancreas accessory structure of digestion that secretes several digestive enzymes into the small intestine liver accessory structure of digestion that produces bile, secretes bile, a greenish fluid that breaks fat globules into tiny fat droplets villus one of the many tiny projections from the cells in the lining of the small intestine excretion the process of eliminating metabolic wastes urea the principal nitrogenous product of the metabolism of proteins that forms in the liver, found in sweat and urine nephron the functional unit of the kidney renal medulla inner part of kidney renal cortex the outer part of the kidney glomerulus a mesh-like ball of blood vessels found in the nephron Bowman's capsule collects all of the materials that came out of the glomerulus, like a cup connected to a tube reabsorption The process in which liquid is taken back into a vessel loop of henle part of the nephron where the wastes are concentrated (urine) by the continued removal of water ureter one of the two narrow tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder urinary bladder a hollow, muscular organ that stores urine urethra the tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body