AP Statistics 1
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Created by:
FrostingandPandas on February 6, 2012
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Description:
First Semester final terms
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28 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Individuals | The people or objects involved in the study |
| Variable | The characteristic of the individual to be measured or observed |
| Quantitative variable | A variable that has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging makes sense |
| Qualitative variable | A variable that describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or group such as male or femle |
| Population data | In ___ the variable is from every individual or interest |
| Sample data | In ___ the variable is from only some of the individuals or interest |
| Nominal | data that consist of names, labels, or categories |
| Ordinal | differences between data values either cannot be determined or are meaningless |
| Interval | differences between data values are meaningless |
| Ratio | both differences between data values and ratios of data values are meaningless. Data at the ratio level have a true zero |
| Descriptive statistics | methods of organizing, picturing, and summarizing information from samples or populations |
| Inferential statistics | methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population |
| Simple random sample | every sample of size n from the population has an equal chance of being selected and every member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample |
| Simulation | numerical facsimile or representation of a real-world phenomenon |
| stratified sampling | technique in which the entire population is divided into distinct subgroups or strata, based on a specific characteristic: age, income, education level, etc. Random samples are drawn from each stratum |
| Systematic sampling | technique in which members of the population are sequentially numbered. Then, from starting point, every kth member of the population is included in the sample |
| Cluster sampling | technique in which the entire population is divided into pre-existing segments or ___. The ___ are often geographic. They are randomly selected and every member of each selected ___ is included in the sample |
| Convenience sampling | technique in which data are used from population members that are readily available |
| Census | measurements or observations from the entire population are used |
| Sample | measurements or observations from a representative part of the population should be used |
| Observational study | observations and measurements of individuals are conducted in a way that doesn't change the response or the variable being measured |
| Experiment | a treatment is deliberately imposed on the individuals in order to observe a possible change in the response or variable being measured |
| Placebo effect | occurs when a subject receives no treatment, but incorrectly believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably |
| Control group | "dummy treatment" enabling researchers to control for the placebo effect. |
| Confounding variables | Control group is used to account for the influence of other known or unknown variables that might be an underlying cause of a change in response in the experimental group |
| Randomization | used to assign individuals to the two treatment groups. This helps prevent bias in selecting members for each group |
| Double-blind | Neither individuals in study nor observers know which subjects are receiving the treatment |
| Bias | favoring of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair. |
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