chapter 3 head, face, neck, spine, and thorax
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50 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 galea aponeurotica | connective tissue sheet cobering the superior aspect of the cranium |
| cranium | vaultlike portion of the skull encasing the brain |
| sutures | pseudojoints that join the various bones of the skull to form the cranium. |
| intracranial pressure (ICP) | pressure exerted on the brain by the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. |
| meninges | 3 membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord. |
| dura mater | tough layer of the meninges firmly attached to the interior of the skull and interior of the spinal column. |
| pia mater | inner and most delicate layer of the meninges. it covers the convolutions of teh brain and spinal cord. |
| arachnoid membrane | middle layer of the meninges |
| cerebrospinal fluid | fluid surrounding and bathing the brain and spinal cord. |
| cerebrum | largest bart of the brain. it consists of two hemispheres separated by a deep longitudinal fissure. it is the seat of consciousness and the center of the higher mental functions such as memory, learning, reasoning, judgement, intelligence, and emotions. |
| cerebellum | portion of the brain located dorsally to the pons and medulla oblongata. it plays an important role in the fine control of voluntary muscular movements. |
| brainstem | the part of the brain connecting the cerebral hemisphere with the spinal cord. it is comprised of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain. |
| midbrain | portion of the brain connecting the pons and the cerebellum with the cerebral hemisphere. |
| hypothalamus | portion of the brain important for controlling certain metabolic activities, including the regulation of body temperature |
| thalamus | switching station between the pons and the cerebrum in the brain. |
| reticular activating system (RAS) | a series of nervous tissues keeping the human system in a state of consciousness. |
| pons | process of tissue responsible for the communication interchange between the cerebellum, the cerebrum, midbrain, and the spinal cord. |
| medulla oblongata | lower portion of the brainstem containing the respiratory, cardiac, and vasomotor centers. |
| cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) | the pressure moving blood through the brain |
| autoregulation | process that controls blood flow to the brain tissue by causing alterations in the blood pressure. |
| zygoma | the cheekbone |
| maxilla | bone of the upper jaw |
| mandible | the jawbone |
| nares | the openings of the nostrils |
| pinna | outer, visible portion of the ears |
| semicircular canals | the 3 rings of the inner ear. they sense the motion of the head and brovide positional sense for the body. |
| orbit | the eye socket. |
| vitreous humor | clear watery fluid filling the posterior chamber of the eye. it is responsible for giving the eye its spherical shape. |
| retina | light- and color- sensing tissue lining the posterior chamber of the eye. |
| aqueous humor | clear fluid filling the anterior chamber of the eye. |
| iris | pigmented portion of the eye. it is the muscular area that constricts or dilates to change the size of the pupil. |
| pupil | dark opening in the center of the iris through which light enters the eye. |
| sclera | the "white" of the eye. |
| cornea | thin, delicate layer covering the pupil and the iris. |
| conjunctiva | mucous membrane that lines the eyelids. |
| lacrimal fluid | liquid that lubercates the eye. |
| lymphatic system | a network of vessels that drains fluid, called lymph, from the body tissue. Lymph nodes help filter impurities en route to the subclavian vein and then to the heart. |
| vertebrae | the 33 bones making up the vertebral column. |
| vertebral body | short column of bone that forms the weight-bearing portion of a vertebra |
| spinal column | opening in the vertebrae that accommodates the spinal cord |
| pedicles | thick, boney struts that connect the vertebral bodies with the spinous and transverse process and help make up the opening for the spinal canal |
| laminae | posterior bones of the verteba that help make up the foramen, or opening, of the canal |
| transverse process | bony outgrowth of the vertebral pedicle that serves as a site for muscle attachment and articulation with the ribs. |
| spinous process | prominence at the posterior part of a vertebra |
| intervertabral disk | carilaginous pad between vertebrae that serves as a shock absorber. |
| what are the 5 sections of the spine? | cervical spine C1-7; thoracic spine T1-12; Lumbar L1-5; sacral S1-5; coccygeal spine about 4 fused vertebrae |
| xiphisternal joint | union between xiphiod process and body of the sternum. |
| pulmonary hilum | central medial region of the lung where the bronchi and pulmonary vasculature enter the lung. |
| great vessels | the large arteries and veins located in the mediastinum that enter and exit the heart; the aorta, superior/inferior vena cava, pulmonary arteries, and pulmonary veins. |
| ligamentum arteriosum | cordlike remnant of a fetal vessel connectiong the pulmonary artery to the aorta at the aortic isthmus. |
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