| Term | Definition |
|---|
| gene dosage | the amount of times a given gene is present in the cell nucleus |
| pseudodominance | when a deletion removes the wild allele, revealing the recessive one |
| tandem duplication | repeats of chromosomal regions that lie adjacent to one anther, they are either in the same or reverse order |
| non-tandem duplication | two or more copies of a region that lie far part |
| polytene chromosome | a giant chromosome consisting of many identical chromatids lying in parallel register |
| pericentric inversion | an inversion involving the centromere |
| paracentric inversion | an inversion that does not involve the centromere |
| homeotic mutation | a mutation in genes that control the expression of organs in one place instead of another |
| heterochromatin | dark stained regions (around centromere) highly compacted, stops transcription factors(chromatin in closed conformations) |
| euchromatin | lightly stined regions, most housekeeping genes are found in this chromatin, they are active(chromatin in open conformations) |
| constitutive heterochromatin | genes that are closed in all cells |
| faculative heterochromatin | a region that can be in a heterochromatic or euchromatic state, depending on the cell type |
| epigenetic | a factor that doesn't involve DNA, or is on a higher plane of biology |
| acentric | without a centromere |
| dicentric | with 2 centromeres |
| DS | dissociation locus, where breakage would occur |
| AC | activator, not found at the site of breakage |
| autonomous TE | transposons that have their own transposes function |
| non-autonomous TE | transposons that require the transposes of other transposons |
| SINE | Short Interspersed Element |
| LINE | Lone Interspersed Element |
| P element | genomes that contain TE's |
| M element | genomes without TE's |
| hybrid dysgenesis | the crossing of M and P elements, which leads to problems in fruit flies |
| retrotransposon | TE's that copy themselves via a reverse RNA transcription (two types are poly AAAA at 3' and LTRs) |
| cellular function hypothesis | a hypothesis that TE's are good and that they help the cell |
| genetic variation hypothesis | a hypothesis that TE's are mutagenic, and create variation within populations, which leads to evolution |
| selfish DNA hypothesis | a hypothesis that TE's are "genomic parasites", self replicating, with no benefit and can cause deleterious mutations |
| composite TE | a TE where the ends encompass other genes and transpositions move the entire structure (including introns) somewhere else |
| aneuploidy | the loss or gain of one or more chromosome sets |
| polyploidy | multiple sets of chromosomes |
| euploidy | describes a set of chromosomes that are of correct number for that cell of organism |
| monosomy | the loss of 1 chromosome from the 2n number |
| trisomy | the gain of 1 chromosome from the 2n number |
| lagging chromatid | the chromatid moves too slowly and therefore is left behind |
| x | the number of chromosomes that make up an entire set |
| monoploid | are euploids that have one set of chromosomes |
| parthinogenesis | reproduction in which offspring are produced by an unfertilized female |
| autopolyploidy | all chromosome sets are from the same species (usually fertile) |
| colchicine | a highly poisonous substance that is applied during meiosis to bind to tubule spindles, therefore creating monoploid offspring |
| allopolyploidy | some chromosome sets are from different species (usually infertile) |
| bivalent | the balanced gametes of organisms with and equal number of chromosome sets |
| amphidiploid | the state of an organism produced by two diploid parental species; they contain two diploid genomes, each one derived from each parent |
| heterogametic | produces two different types of sex chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism |
| dosage compensation | a mechanism that equalizes levels of X-linked gene expression independent of the number of copies of the X chromosome |
| XCI | X- chromosome inactivation |
| XIC | an X inactivating-non coding sequence that produces function RNA |
| XIST | a gene expressed by the X chromosome that is inactive |
| TSIX | a gene expressed by the X chromosome that is active |
| basal transcription state | a machinery of transcription factors that mediate the synthesis of RNA transcripts; controls gene expression |
| DH | DNAse hypersensitive sites; sites that are prone to being spliced, usually in the 5' promoter regions |
| CpG island | sequences of CG that are commonly in promoter regions, and therefore control gene expression |
| gene silencing | turning off transcription of a gene as a result of its position in chromatin |
| Igf2 | insulin like growth faction |
| genomic imprinting | when a genes express depends on which parent (sex) the organism got it from |
Combine with other sets
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