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flamboyant showy amethyst clear purple gemstone democracy a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them civil rights the rights of a citizen magna carta the great charter which guaranteed the english people certain civil rights monarch a king or queen civil war a war between citizens of the same country republic a country without a monarch constitutional monarchy a monarchy in whch the monarch rules according to the constitution and laws of the nation gulf stream a warm ocean current that flows from the Gulf of Mexico northward through the Atlantic Ocean spanish armada a great fleet of ships sent by spain in1588 to invade england to colonize to settle in and control the lands of others entrepreneur someone who organizes a business venture and assumes the risk for it guild A medieval organization of crafts workers or trades people. They upheld standards and protect its members protestant any christian not belonging to the roman catholic or orthodox eastern church congregation an assembly of peope who gather for religious worship church of england the established church in england, headed by the monarch elaborated decorated, ceremonial to dissent to differ in opinion, disagree; refuse to conform to the established church calvinist a follower of the teachings of john calvin, a leader of the protestant reformation to tolerate to allow people to live, think, or worship according to their own beliefs original sin in traditional christian belief, the state of sin in which all humans live because Adam and Eve disobeyed God hysteria a state of uncontrolled excitement to duck to plunge suddenly under water and out again absolute monarch a king, queen, emperor, or empress with unlimited power slovenly untidy, dirty, careless in dress, appearance, and habits to exalt to place high in rank, honour, or power to debase to make low in rank, honour, or power tyrant a cruel and unjust ruler or person incompetent lacking ability to ally to combine with for a special purpose to compromise a way of solving a problem or ending an argument in which both people or groups accept that they cannot have everything they want extravagent careless and lavish spending, wastefulness favourite a person or thing liked better than others, a person treated specially to despise to hate, to scorn, to deny respect to alienate to cause someone to become hostile or indifferent ship money There was always an English tax on port towns which required each town to pay for a mercenary vessel to protect it. Under Charles I, this was expanded so that inland towns paid as if they were also port towns so Charles got the money. It was deeply resented by the inland towns it affected. tunnage and poundage a customs duty or tax collected on the tons and pounds of goods coming into or leaving the country to billet to require homeowners to provide food and lodging for soldiers title a name showing a person's rank and position in life court of stars chamber a royal court in which people had no legal rights satire form of literature in which irony, sarcasm, and ridicule are employed to attack human vice and folly seditious libel false and malicious statements against the monarch, which are treasonous pillory a device consisting of a wooden board with holes for the head and arms, in whcih offenders were exposed to public scorn writ of habeus corpus court order that a prisoner be brought before the judge to determine whether or not he is guilty and is being punished correctly presbyterian a protestant church governed by elders covenant agreement dilemma a difficult choice crown jewels jewels used but not owned by the royal family militia citizens who are not regular soldiers, but who are trained to act as soldiers in times of emergency lobster-tail helmet a soldier's helmet with jointed plates on the back to protect the neck blue laws strict laws regicide a person who kills, or participates in the killing of, a king test act (1673) Law prohibiting Catholics and dissenters to hold political office. to abdicate to give up or renounce inalienable unable to be taken or given away