1.
2 types of bacteria with gram negative cell wall: Cholera & Salmonella
2.
Amphitrichous: flagella at both ends
3.
anibioticts: used to treat bacterial infections.
4.
Appendages: Motility, Attachment, Channels
5.
ARCHAEA: THE OTHER PROCARYOTES: More close to Eukaryathan to bacteria
Unique genetic sequences in their rRNA.
Unique membrane lipids and cell wall
Live in the most extreme habitats (extremophiles)
Adapted to heat, salt, acid pH, high pressure
methane producers
hyperthermophiles
extreme halophiles
sulfur reducers
6.
Attachment: fimbriae
7.
Axial filaments: Periplasmic- internal flagella, enclosed between cell wall and cell membrane of spirochetes... Produce cellular motility by contracting and imparting twisting or flexing motion
8.
Bacillus: Rod (long spaghetti)
9.
basal body: stack of rings firmly anchored in cell wall
10.
basic shape: spherical, cubical, cylindrical
11.
capsule: highly organized, tightly attached
12.
Channels: Pili
13.
Characteristics of gram-negative cell wall: Protective structure but sensitivity to lysis
Outer membrane (LPS)
Contains lipopolysaccharides(LPS) and lipoproteins
contains porin- regulate
14.
Characteristics of gram-positive cell wall: Thick (20-80nm) layer of peptidoglycan & cell membrane
Maintenance and enlargement during cell division
Move cations across the cell envelope
stimulate specific immune responses
use red blood cells to get nutrients
15.
Characteristics of procaryotic cell envelope: cell wall, cell membrane
16.
chemical stimuli (flagella): Chemotaxis; positive and negative
17.
CHROMOSOME: Single, circular, double-stranded DNA (contains all the genetic information required by a cell)
DNA is tightly coiled around a protein, aggregated in a dense area called the nucleoid
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18.
clockwise (flagella movement): tumbles- very slow
19.
Cocci: singles
diplococci-in pairs
chains
tetrads-groups of four
cubical packets
irregular clusters
20.
coccobacillus: very short and plump
21.
Coccus: spherical (marbles)
22.
Counterclockwise (flagella movement): results in smooth linear direction-run
23.
CYTOPLASM: Dense gelatinous solution of sugars, amino acids, and salts.
70-80% water (solvent for materials used in all cell functions)
24.
Endospore: when exposed to adverse conditions; high resistance and long-term survival
25.
endospores: Hardiest of all life forms
Withstands extremes in heat, drying, freezing, radiation and chemicals
No reproduction (unlike fungi)
26.
eucaryotic cells: contain double- membrane bound nucleus with DNA chromosomes
27.
eucaryotic cells: contain membrane-bound organelles compartmentalize the cytoplasm and preform specific functions
28.
eucaryotic cells: animals, plants, fungi, and protist
29.
External Procaryotic cell characteristics: Appendages, Flagella, Pili, Frimbriae, Glycocalyx, Capsule, Slime layer
30.
filament: long, thin, helical structure composed of protein flagellin
31.
fimbriae: fine, proteinaceous, hairlike bristles from the cell surfaces
32.
Flagella: What moves the cell through their environment;
rotates 360 degrees
33.
germination: return to vegetative growth
34.
Glycocalyx: coating external to the cell wall ( sugars and/or proteins); protect cells from dehydration and nutrient loss,
inhibit killing by whit blood cells by phagocytosis contributing to pathogenicity; Attachment- formation of biofilms
35.
Glycocalyx: surface coating.... Capsule, slime layer- protects the cells from dehydration and nutrient loss
36.
gram- negative bacteria: outer cell membrane, thin peptidoglycan layer and cell membrane (DIGESTIVE)
37.
gram-positive bacteria: thick wall (peptidoglycan and cell membrane) (RESPIRATORY)
38.
hook: curved shealth
39.
INCLUSIONS AND GRANULES: Intracellular storagebodies
Bacteria use them when environmental sourcesare depleted.
glycogen, poly--hydroxybutyrate, gas vesiclesfor floating, sulfurand phosphategranules (metachromaticgranules)
40.
Internal characteristics of procaryotic cells: cytoplasmic matrix,
ribosomes,
inclusions,
nucleoid/ chromosome,
actin cytoskeleton,
endospore
41.
internal content: cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane
42.
kill endospores: 120 degrees celcius for 20-30 minutes
43.
light stimuli (flagella): phototaxis
44.
lophotrichous: small bunches arising from one end of cell
45.
Magnetosomes: Involved in navigation (magnetic properties)
46.
monotrichous: single flagellum at one end
47.
Motility: flagella, and axial filaments
48.
Mycobacterium and Nocardia (Gram +): Cell wall structure with lipid mycolic acid- pathogenicity and high degree of resistance to certain chemicals and dyes; basis for acid fast stains used for diagnosis of infection
49.
mycoplasma(no cell wall): Cell wall is stablized by sterols; Pleomorphic (extreme variations in shape)
50.
peritrichous: flagella dispersed over surface of cell; slowest
51.
Pili: Transfer; found in only gram negative cells; rigid tubular structure made of pilin protein; function to join bacterial cells for partia DNA transfer called conjugation
52.
PLASMIDS: Small circular, double-stranded DNA
Free or integrated into the chromosome
Duplicated and passed on to offspring
Not essentialto bacterial growth and metabolism
Encode proteins that confers antibiotic resistance, tolerance to toxic metals, enzymes and toxins
Used in genetic engineering-readily manipulated and transferred from cell to cell
53.
PLASMIDS: if a bacteria is resistant to antibiotic, the tolerance issue is located in the ______
54.
procaryotic cells: bacteria and archaea. no nucleus or other membrane bound organelles
55.
PROPERTIES OF ENDOSPORES: Resistancelinked to high levels of calciumand dipicolinicacid
Dehydrated, metabolically inactive
Thickcoat
Long-term survival -25,250 million years.
Resistantto ordinary cleaning methods and boiling
Pressurized steam at 120oC for 20-30minuteswill destroy them
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56.
RIBOSOMES: Made of 60%ribosomal RNA and 40%protein
Two subunits: large (50S)and small (30S)
Procaryoticdiffer from eucaryoticribosomesin sizeand number of proteins
Site of protein synthesis
Present in all cells
S= SVEDVENG UNITS
57.
rotary motion: Signal of stimulus sets flagella into ______ ______.
58.
Serological: antibodies in the blood
59.
slime layer: loosley organized and attached
60.
Species: collection of cells sharing overall similar pattern of traits
61.
Spirillum: helical, comma, twisted rod (snakes and STD's)
62.
spirochete: spring like
63.
sporulation: formation of endospores
64.
Structure of cell walls: determines cell shape, prevents lysis (bursting) or collapsing due to changing osmotic pressures
65.
The cell envelope: external covering outside the cytoplasm;
2 basic layers (cell wall and cell membrane);
maintains cell integrity;
2 different groups
66.
two basic cell types: eucaryotic & procaryotic
67.
Vegetative: active and growing
68.
vibrio: gently curved ( banana)
