| Term | Definition |
|---|
| vapor pressure | The pressure exerted by the vapor above a liquid |
| boiling point | The temperature when the external pressure equals the internal pressure of the liquid |
| critical temperature | The temperature above which the liquid phase cannot exist |
| critical pressure | The pressure that must be applied to cause condensation at the critical temperature |
| triple point | The temperature and pressure at which all three phases are in equilibrium with each other |
| sublimation | The process by which a solid changes directly to a vapor without passing through the liquid phase |
| melting point | The temperature at which the solid and liquid phases are in equilibrium |
| freezing point | The temperature at which the solid and liquid phases are in equilibrium |
| intermolecular forces | The forces between molecules |
| intramolecular forces | The forces between atoms in a molecule |
| dispersion forces | The attraction and repulsion between temporary dipoles in adjacent molecules |
| dipole-dipole forces | Adjacent molecules line up so that the negative pole of one molecule is as close as possible to the positive pole of its neighbor |
| hydrogen bonds | The force exerted between an H atom bonded to an F, O, or N atom in one molecule and an unshared pair on the F, O, or N atom of a neighboring molecule |
| network covalent solids | Atoms are joined by a continuous network of covalent bonds |
| ionic solids | Atoms are held together by strong electrical forces between oppositely charged ions adjacent to one another |
| metallic solids | Solids in which the structural units are electrons and cations that have charges of +1, +2, or +3 |
| electron-sea model | The metallic cations are anchored in position like buoys in a mobile "sea" of electrons |
| amalgams | Solutions of mercury and dissolved metals |
| unit cell | The smallest structural unit that generates the crystal |
| simple cubic (SC) | Unit cell that consists of 8 atoms whose centers are located at the corners of the cubic cell |
| face-centered cubic (FCC) | Unit cell that consists of an atom at each corner of the cube and and one in each of the 6 faces of the cube |
| body-centered cubic (BCC) | Unit cell that consists of an atom at each corner and 1 in the center of the cube |
| allotrope | 2 different forms of an element in the same physical state ex) diamond and graphite |
| normal boiling point | The boiling point at 1 atm of pressure |
| phase diagram | A graph that shows the pressures and temperatures at which different phases are in equilibrium with each other |
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