A&P II: Chapter 20 Vocabulary
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Created by:
WinterColor on February 7, 2012
Subjects:
biol2401, anatomy & physiology, a&p, cardiovascular system, heart
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81 terms
English | Chemistry |
|---|---|
 aerobic | Requiring molecular oxygen. |
| angina pectoris | A pain in the chest related to reduced coronary circulation due to coronary artery disease (CAD) or spasms of vascular smooth muscle in coronary arteries. |
| apex | The pointed end of a conical structure, such as the one in the heart. |
| arrhythmia | An irregular heart rhythm. Also called dysrhythmia. |
| arteriosclerosis | Group of diseases characterized by thickening of the walls of arteries and loss of elasticity. |
| atherosclerotic plaque | A lesion that results from accumulated cholesterol and smooth muscle fibers (cells) of the tunica media of an artery, may become obstructive. |
| atrial fibrillation | Asynchronous contraction of cardiac muscle fibers in the atria that results in the cessation of atrial pumping. |
| atrioventricular (AV) bundle | The part of the conduction system of the heart that begins at the atrioventricular (AV) node, passes through the cardiac skeleton separating the atria and the ventricles, then extends a short distance down the interventricular septum before splitting into right and left bundle branches. Also called the bundle of His (HISS). |
| atrioventricular (AV) node | The part of the conduction system of the heart made up of a compact mass of conducting cells located int he septum between the two atria. |
| atrioventricular (AV) valve | A heart valve made up of membranous flaps or cusps that allows blood to flow in one direction only, from an atrium into a ventricle. |
| atrium | A superior chamber of the heart. |
| auscultation | Examination by listening to sounds in the body. |
| baroreceptor | Neuron capable of responding to changes in blood, air, or fluid pressure. Also called a pressoreceptor. |
| bicuspid valve | Atrioventricular (AV) valve on the left side of the heart. Also called the mitral valve. |
| bradycardia | A slow resting heart rate or pulse rate (under 50 beats per minute). |
| cardiac cycle | A complete heartbeat consisting of systole (contraction) and disatole (relaxtion) of both atria plus systole and diastole of both ventricles. |
| cardiogenic area | A group of mesodermal cells in the head end of an embryo that gives rise to the heart. |
| cardiology | The study of the heart and diseases associated with it. |
| cardiovascular center | Groups of neurons scattered within the medulla oblongata that regulate heart rate, force of contraction, and blood vessel diameter. |
| chemoreceptor | Sensory receptor that detects the presence of a specific chemical. |
| chordae tendineae | Tendonlike, fibrous cords that connect atrioventricular valves of the heart with papillary muscles. |
| coarctation of the aorta | A congenital heart defect in which a segement of the aorta is too narrow. As a result, the flow of oxygenated blood to the body is reduced, the left ventricle is forced to pump harder, and high blood pressure develops. |
| collateral circulation | The alternative route taken by blood through an anastmosis. |
| conduction system | A group of autorhythmic cardiac muscle fibers that generates and distributes electrical impulses to stimulate coordinated contraction of the heart chambers; includes the sinoatrial (SA) node, the atrioventricular (AV) node, and atrioventricular (AV) bundle, the right and left bundle branches, and the Purkinje fibers. |
| contractility | The ability of cells or parts of cells to actively generate force to undergo shortening for movements. Muscle fibers (cells) exhibit a high degree of contractility. |
| coronary artery disease (CAD) | A condition such as atherosclerosis that causes narrowing of coronary arteries so that blood flow to the heart is reduced. The result is coronary heart disease (CHD), in which the heart muscle receives inadequate blood flow due to an interruption of is blood supply. |
| coronary circulation | The pathway followed by the blood from the ascending aorta through the blood vessels supplying the heart and returning to the right atrium. Also called cardiac circulation. |
| coronary sinus | A wide venous channel on the posterior surface of the heart that collects the blood from the coronary circulation and returns it to the right atrium. |
| diastole | In the cardiac cycle, the phase of relaxation or dilation of the heart muscle, especially of the ventricles. |
| electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) | A recording of the electrical changes that accompany the cardiac cycle that can be detected at the surface of the body; may be resting, stress, or ambulatory. |
| endocardium | The layer of the heart wall, composed of epithelium and smooth muscle, that lines the inside of the heart and covers the valves and tendons that hold the valves open. |
| epicardium | The thin outer layer of the heart wall, composed of serous tissue. |
| foramen ovale | An opening in the fetal heart in the septum between the right and left atria. A hole in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone that transmits the mandibular branch of the trigeminal (V) nerve. |
| heart block | An arrhythmia (dysrhythmia) of the heart in which the atria and ventricles contract independently because of a blocking of electrical impulses through the heart at some point in the conduction system. |
| heart murmur | An abnormal sound that consists of a flow noise that is heard before, between, or after the normal heart sounds, or that may mask normal heart sounds. |
| hypothermia | Lowering of body temperature below 35°C (95°F); in surgical procedures, it refers to deliberate cooling of the body to slow down metabolism and reduce oxygen needs of tissues. |
| hypoxia | Lack of adequate oxygen at the tissue level. |
| intercalated disc | An irregular transverse thickening of sarcolemma that contains desmosomes, which hold cardiac muscle fibers (cells) together, and gap junctions, which aid in conduction of muscle action potentials from one fiber to the next. |
| lipoprotein | One of several types of particles containing lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides) and proteins that make it water-soluble for transport in the blood; high levels of low-density _______ (LDLs) are associated with risk of atherosclerosis, whereas high levels of high-density _______ (HDLs) are associated with decreased risk of athersclerosis. (One answer) |
| mediastinum | The broad, median partition between the pleurae of the lungs that extends from the sternum ot the vertebral column in the thoracic cavity. |
| mesoderm | The middle primary germ layer that gives rise to connective tissues, blood and blood vessels, and muscles. |
| myocardial infarction (MI) | Gross necrosis of myocardial tissue due to interrupted blood supply. Also called a heart attack. |
| myocardium | The middle layer of the heart wall, made up of cardiac muscle tissue. lying between the epicardium and the endocardium and constituting the bulk of the heart. |
| P wave | The deflection wave of an electrocardiogram that signifies atrial depolarization. |
| patent ductus arteriosus | A congenital heart defect in which the ductus arteriosus remains open. As a result, aortic blood flows into the lower-pressure pulmonary trunk, increasing pulmonary trunk pressure and overworking both ventricles. |
| pectinate muscles | Projecting muscle bundles of the anterior atrial walls and the lining of the auricles. |
| pericardial cavity | Small potential potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium that contains pericardial fluid. |
| pericardium | A loose-fitting membrane that encloses the heart, consisting of a superficial fibrous layer and a deep serous layer. |
| proprioceptor | A receptor located in muscles, tendons, joints, or the internal ear (muscle spindles, tendon organs, joint kinesthetic receptors, and hair cells of the vestibular apparatus) that provides information about body position and movements. |
| pulmonary circulation | The flow of deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and the return of oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium. |
| Purkinje fiber | Muscle fiber (cell) in the ventricular tissue of the heart specialized for conducting an action potential to the myocardium; part of the conduction system of the heart. |
| semilunar valve | A valve between the aorta or the pulmonary trunk and a ventricle of the heart. |
| septal defect | An opening in the atrial septum (atrial _______) because the foramen ovale fails to close, or the ventricular septum (ventricular _______) due to incomplete development of the ventricular septum. (One answer) |
| sinoatrial node | A small mass of cardiac muscle fibers (cells) located in the right atrium inferior to the opening of the superior vena cava that spontaneously depolarize and generate a cardiac action potential about 100 times per minute. Also called the natural pacemaker. |
| stenosis | An abnormal narrowing or constriction of a duct or opening. |
| sulcus | A groove or depression between parts, especially between the convolutions of the brain. |
| systemic circulation | The routes through which oxygenated blood flows from the left ventricle through the aorta to all the organs of the body and deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium. |
| systole | In the cardiac cycle, the phase of contraction of the heart muscle, especially of the ventricles. |
| T wave | The deflection wave of an electrocardiogram that represents ventricular repolarization. |
| tachycardia | An abnormally rapid resting heartbeat or pulse rate (over 100 beats per minute). |
| tetralogy of Fallot | A combination of four congenital heart defects: (1) constricted pulmonary semilunar valve, (2) interventricular septal opening, (3) emergence of the aorta from both ventricles instead of from the left only, and (4) enlarged right ventricle. |
| trabeculae carneae | Ridges and folds of the myocarrdium in the ventricles. |
| tricuspid valve | Atrioventricular (AV) valve on the right side of the heart. |
| ventricle | A cavity in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid. An inferior chamber of the heart. |
| ventricular fibrillation | Asynchronous ventricular contractions; unless reversed by defribrillation, results in heart failure. |
| myocarditis | Inflammation of the myocardium. |
| endocarditis | Inflammation of the endocardium. |
| auricle | A wrinkled, pouch-like structure on the anterior surface of each atrium that slightly increases the capacity of an atrium so that it can hold a greater volume of blood. |
| coronary sulcus | The deep sulcus that encircles most of the heart and marks the external boundary between the superior atria and inferior ventricles. |
| anterior interventricular sulcus | A shallow groove on the anterior surface of the heart that marks the external boundary between the right and left ventricles. |
| posterior interventricular sulcus | The sulcus that marks the external boundary between the ventricles on the posterior aspect of the heart. |
| interatrial septum | Thin partition that separates the right atrium and left atrium. |
| fossa ovalis | In an adult, the oval-shaped depression that is a remnant of the foramen ovale in the interatrial septum. |
| interventricular septum | Partition that separates the right and left ventricles. |
| pulmonary valve | The valve that blood passes through from the right ventricle. |
| aortic valve | The valve that allows blood to pass from the left ventricle into the aorta. |
| vascular sinus | A thin-walled vein that has no smooth muscle to alter its diameter. |
| inefficiency or incompetence | Failure of a valve to close completely. |
| rheumatic fever | An acute systemic inflammatory disease in which strepococcal bacteria trigger an immune response for antibodies produced to destroy the bacteria instead attack and inflame the connective tissues in joints, heart valve, and other organs. |
| anastomoses | Connections between two or more arteries supplying the same region. |
| myocardial ischemia | A condition of reduced blood flow to the myocardium; usually causes hypoxia. |
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