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Endocardium layer of cells that lines the inside of the heart Myocardium Muscular middle layer; thickest layer of the heart Pericardium Double layer membrane, or sac, that covers the outside of the heart. Septum muscular wall that separates the heart into a right side and a left side Interatrial septum separates the atrias; upper half of the septum Interventricular septum separates the ventricles; lower half of the septum right atrium receives blood as it returns from the body cells; deoxygenated blood right ventricle receives blood from the right atruim and pums the blood into the pulmonary artery, which carries the blood to the lungs for oxygen left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs left ventricle receives blood from the left atrium and pumps the blood into the aorta for transport to the body cells tricuspid valve located between the right atrium and the right ventricle; closes when the right ventricle contracts pulmonary valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery mitral valve located between the left atrium and the left ventricle; closes when the left ventricle contracts aortic valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta;closes when the left ventricle is finished contracting sinoatrial node located in the right atrium and referred to as the pacemaker of the heart atrioventricular node group of nerve cells located between the atria and ventricles. bundle of his nerve fibers in the septum right bundle branch nerve tissue that carries electricity through right ventricle left bundle branch nerve tissue that carries electricity through left ventricle purkinje fibers The smallest (and final) fibers in the cardiac conduction system. The Purkinje fibers transmit the cardiac impulse to the ventricular muscle. Arrhythmias abnormal heart rhythms; can be mild or fatal defibrillator a device that shocks the heart with an electrical current to stop the uncoordinated contraction and allow the SA node to regain control pacemaker small battery-powered device with electrodes that monitors the heart's activity and delivers an electrical implulse the the electrodes to stimulate contraction fixed pacemaker delivers electrical impulses at a predetermined rate demand pacemaker delivers electrical impulses only when the heart's own conduction system is not responding correctly arteries carry blood away from the heart; more elastic than other blood vessels aorta largest artery in the body arterioles smallest arteries; join with the capillaries Capillaries connect arterioles with venules; have thin walls to allow oxygen and nutrients to pass through to the cells Veins carry blood back to the heart;contains valves and are thinner and less elastic than arteries Venules smallest veins; join with the capillaries superior vena cava brings the blood from the upper part of the body; empties into the right atrium of the heart inferior vena cava brings blood from the lower part of the body; empties into the right atrium of the heart blood flows through the circulatory system and is often called a tissue because it contains many kinds of cells Plasma 90% water and then blood cells erythrocytes red blood cells; produced in the red bone marrow; live approximately 120 days before being broken down by the liver and spleen hemoglobin found on the erythrocytes; a complex protein molecule; contains iron; carries both oxygen and carbon dioxide leukocytes white blood cells; formed in the bone marrow and lymph tissue; live 3-9 days phagocitosis process of engulfing, ingesting and destroying pathogens by leukocytes neutrophils secrete an enzyme called lysozyme; they are a leukocyte eosinophils remove toxins and defend the body from allergic reactions by producing antihistamines; they are a leukocyte basophils particpate in the the body inflammatory response, produce histamine, a vasodilator, and heparin, an anticoagulant; they are a leukocyte monocytes phagocutize bacteria and foreign materials; they are a leukocyte lymphocytes provide immunity for the body by developing antibodies; protect against the formation of cancer cells; they are a leukocyte Thrombocytes also called platelets; formed in the bone marrow and live for about 5-9 days; important for the clotting process Anemia inadequate number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or both; symptoms include paleness, fatigue, difficult breathing, and rapid heart rate iron deficiency anemia inadequate amount of iron to form hemoglobin in erythocytes Aplastic anemia result of injury to or destruction of the bone marrow pernicious anemia formation of abnormally large and inadequate number of erythrocytes sickle cell anemia chronic, inherited; results in the production of abnormal crescent shaped erythrocytes that carry less oxygen, break easily, and block blood vessels aneurysm a ballooning out or, or saclike formation on, an artery wall; weakened arterial wall arteriosclerosis hardening or thickening of the arterial walls, resulting in loss of elasticity and contractility; occurs in aging atherosclerosis fatty plaques are depostied on the walls of the arteries; causes narrowing of the arteries Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart muscles do not beat adequately to supply the blood needs of the body; is either right or left sided embolus foreign substance circulating in the bloodstream. it can be air, a blood clot, bacterial clumps, fat or other similiar substances hemophilia an inherited disease that occurs almost exclusively in males; lack of a plasma protein required for clotting hypertension high blood pressure; anything above 120/80 leukemia a malignant disease of the bone marrow or lymph tissue; it results in a high number of immature white blood cells myocarial infarction heart attack; occurs when a blockage in the coronary arteries cuts off the supply of blood to the heart phlebitis an inflammation of the vein thrombus clot thrombophlebitis inflammation of the vein with a blood clot varicose veins dilated, swollen veins that have lost elasticity and cause stasis, or decreased blood flow prothrombin and fibrinogen two proteins necessary for clotting