WW1 Study Guide
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49 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Archduke Francis Ferdinand | Archduke and heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne. He visited Bosnia for his father, and was assassinated there by Gavrilo Princip. |
| Woodrow Wilson | President during the preparedness campaign of WWI |
| Czar Nicholas II | was forced to abdicate his throne after months of revolutions and riots took place in Russia. His family, the Romanov family, was executed and czarist rule ended. When the czar was toppled the US was hoping that Russia would move toward a democracy. Obviously, that didn't happen and the Bolsheviks took over like a boss. A revolt(?) of November of 1917 who was lead by Lenin with the Bolsheviks, which later created a Communist revolution. It later turned into the Soviet Union. |
| Bernard Baruch | The director of the War Industries Board, he is a Wall Street investor who had overall responsibility for allocating scarce materials, establishing production priorities, and setting prices. He preferred to persuade business leaders to comply with his wishes. He was called Dr. Facts, always telling facts about numbers, how many pounds of products are on a certain train, how soon the train is going to arrive, etc. He thought that the DST could be for industries too. |
| Herbert Hoover | He was chosen by Wilson to direct the Food Administration, he was a prosperous mining engineer who had managed a food-relief campaign for war-stricken Belgium. He saw his task as this:to encourage increased agricultural production and to conserve existing food supplies. |
| George Creel | Headed the Committee on Public Information, which led the propaganda campaigns to encourage Americans to support the war. |
| Admiral William Sims | The commander of U.S. navel forces in European waters. Promoted the construction of destroyers to counter Germany's use of unrestricted submarine warfare. |
| Gen. John J. Pershing | Lead the first US army into France |
| "Doughboys" | nickname for infantry soldiers |
| A.E.F | American Expeditionary Force which was volunteers and National Guardsmen who fought in WW1 |
| Vladimir Lenin | He led the Russian revolt |
| "Big Four" | Woodrow Wilson from U.S, David Lloyd George from Great Britain, Vittoriio Orlando from Italy, and Georges Clemencau from France. They were the top Allied leaders who met at a peace conference in Paris. |
| Ferdinand Foch | French soldier. The Western Front General. Brought the Allies to victory in the last battle. |
| Henry Cabot Lodge | Wilson was rivals with Lodge and they both attacked and defended their ideas and thoughts from one another. Lodge stalled a treaty that Wilson wanted to be passed.(the Treaty of Versailles.) |
| Serbia | helped a Bosnian assassinate Archduke Ferdinand of Austria Hungary because Bosnia wanted its independence. |
| Belgium | A neutral country that Germany crossed to get to France. Germany attacked this country and took over. |
| North Sea | Where the German U-boats were (unrestricted sub warfare) and situated between Germany and Great Britain. |
| Southern Front | This would be in Italy. This was where the battle of Caporetto which effected the Allies. Italy was the weakest Ally so Germany tried to take it over so they would have access to the Mediterranean. But, the Allies successfully boxed the Germans in, so Germany never took over Italy. |
| Eastern Front | This would be Russia. The eastern front was gone when Russia signed the Brest- Litovsk which marked the end of Russia fighting in World War I. |
| Western Front | This would be France. The Germans had a advantage on this because they were able to attack the soldiers in France by going through Belgium. |
| Caporetto | Battle in Southern Front. Italy was the weakest Allie so Germany tried to take over so they could get supplies from the Mediterranean. The allies tried to keep Germany boxed in and kept Germany from taking over Italy. Italy never fell to Germany, so Germany could not get supplies they needed. |
| Chateau-Thierry | July 18, 1918. This battle took place in France. |
| Belleau Wood | Was the first large-scale battle fought by US soldiers. A area that was in the Archean Forest which the Germans try to take over. |
| Sedan | A place near Northern France were the Sedan Railroad was which was used by the Germans. |
| Versailles | Located 10 miles from Paris, it is where the Treaty of Versailles was signed, ending WWI. |
| Central Powers | Germany, Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, and Bulgaria |
| Allies | Serbia, Russia, France, Great Britain (United States, and Italy later joined) |
| The Great War | WW1's name at the time. |
| Propaganda | The U.S used this sort of, fake information lets say, in order to stretch the truth and give Americans a reason to want to go to war against Germany. It made them seem like bad people so people would be encouraged to join the war efforts. |
| Neutrality rules | 1. Must fly a neutral flag, your country's flag (they don't normally fly any country's flag because its a company, so they might normally fly a flag for their company name) In war, a country can sneak 2. No contraband Contraband-Guns and ammunition trading. Sometimes the contraband was sold in secret by hiding it on trade ships. 3. Warning Shot Warning shot- tells you to stop and leave the zone where there was a war ship that would search your vessel for contraband and seize it. 4. Search/seize- If there were arms dealers, the price of getting caught would be very high. If you are found to be defying some rule, you could be shot down. 5. Rescue survivors- if our warning shot misses, we have to get over there and save the survivors because all of those people are civilians not naval officers |
| "Unrestricted submarine warfare" | -After the sinking of the Lusitania, President Wilson writes a strongly worded letter to the German Chancellor saying that he should stop attacking unarmed merchant ships. -Germany declared that if there was a ship floating in a war zone they would be sunk, which basically stated that neutrality laws did not count anymore. -This stopped any trading with European counties. -It was hard to declare war on Germany because they had not done anything directly to the U.S. -This angered the U.S and made us feel as though we had been challenged and this pushed us closer to war against Germany. -However the Kaiser had a plan. |
| Lusitania | was a luxury boat that traveled between Liverpool (snickers from Katie) and New York. It was commissioned in 1907 -The ship sank in 18 minutes, killing 1198 people (228 Americans) on board and leaving 764 survivors. -The ship went down 11 miles off of Old Head of Kinsale, Ireland. -Moved U.S closer to war because we feared the same thing would happen to one of our ships. -The U Boat only fired one torpedo. However, the ship was carrying contraband and the ship blew up. -The Germans received intelligence that the French and the British were smuggling contraband. -The Germans had sent out a message that the ship should not sail. The U Boat that hit them radioed the British and told them the coordinates |
| "Preparedness campaign" | -A plan in case there would be a war- for the first time the US started mobilizing troops before we even declared war. - After Wilson passed the program the economy got better. - After that was passed the congress passed the National Defense Act which then allowed the U.S to have a bigger army by adding soldiers. - It seemed as though Wilson was preparing the country to be in the war even though the country was neutral. - For the U.S, being neutral was hard and knowing what Wilson actions were it seems as though he was getting ready for the war. |
| "Peace without victory" | A speech that President Wilson gave.Wilson said that trying to gain peace between two unequals would not be permanent and it would have bitter resentment as a postwar effect However, a peace between two equals would last Peace with victory: not equal, bitter punishment for loser, in favor of victor Peace without victory: equal, no victor/loser every country said no to his proposal Because of pride, the countries could not put down their arms and go back to the norm. |
| Zimmerman note | A cable (message) from German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman to the German minister in Mexico that proposed a Mexican alliance with Germany. It offered German support to help Mexico reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. That was Mexico's incentive to go into this war, so that they could get back all of the land that they had lost to America over the years. It infuriated several Americans. Wilson finally and reluctantly concluded that the U.S could no longer stay out of the conflict.benefited Germany so that they wouldn't have to fight a two-front war. Two-front war is difficult because you have to split your army in half. By having an ally in Mexico it would force the US to fight a two-front war. The US and Mexico were not friendly, and were against each other. If Mexico had agreed to this, the US would have taken half of Mexico after they won the war. Germans were then viewed as the bad guys after the war for attempting to promise this. |
| Selective Service Act | In order to help the Allies the U.S noticed that the Allies force needed were fresh troops.The Congress decided to pass the Selective Service Act which required men between the ages of 18 and 45 to register with local draft.The army consisted of soldiers from different backgrounds.The army consisted of soldiers from different backgrounds.The NAACP pressure the U.S to have more African American officers and soldiers in the war. |
| Espionage Act | Silenced opponents of the war, these measures outlawed acts of treason and made it a crime to "utter, print, write, or publish any disloyal...or abusive language" criticizing the government, the flag, or the military.Opposition to the draft, to war bond drives, or to the arms industry also became a crime. Prohibits any attempt to interfere with military operations or support U.S. enemies. It is a broad range that includes treason. |
| Trading with the enemy Act | This is an act that punishes and regulates those of the United States who have relations to the "enemy" or the country that the U.S is at war against. |
| Sedition Act | June 1918, outlawed acts of treason and made it a crime to say, print, write, or publish any disloyal or abusive language.Just an addition to the Espionage act. A broader range of military defenses, it forbade abusive language to the U.S. government, flag or army. If a person did this, they would be put into prison for 5-20 years. |
| July 4, 1917 | When the american soldiers landed in France |
| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | Document that announced the withdrawal of Russia from WWI |
| German armistice | It was an agreement to end fighting. It was signed on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month. |
| Wilson's Fourteen Points | the war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations |
| League of Nations | An international body designed to prevent offensive wars. It was the last point in Wilson's 14 points. (U.S was not a member) If we vote no an League votes yes we have to follow. Central Powes were also not allowed to join |
| Treaty of Versailles(parts) | It was harsh and humiliating and the U.S. did not sign this treaty. This was a treaty for Germany's surrender for the war. The Ottoman Empire also signed this treaty. |
| Theater of war | is a large area where a war is taking place (usually a continent(like in Europe)) |
| War Front | is a place where the actual fighting takes place in a theater |
| Hindenburg Line | The land around the fortress that surrounded the Sedan railroad. We asked for volunteers to do a suicide mission to get rid of mines and destroy barbed wire and draw fire of pill boxes {Hole w/ dirt over the top w/ soldiers w/ machine guns}. This is how the U.S. captured the Sedan railroad. |
| Who led the American forces in Europe? | General John J. Pershing |
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