Basics of Chemistry - Ch. 6
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48 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 chemistry | science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and with how matter changes under different conditions; there are two branches of this: organic and inorganic. |
| combustion | rapid oxidation of any substance, accompanied by the production of heat and light; eg., lighting a match. |
| compound molecules | chemical combinations of two or more atoms of different elements. |
| element | the simplest form of matter; cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without loss of identity; there are about 90 of these naturally occurring; all matter is made up of one more of these. |
| elemental molecules | chemical combinations of two or more atoms of the same element. |
| emulsions | an unstable mixture of two or more immiscible substances united with the aid of an emulsifier; tend to separate over time; should be stable for 3 years. |
| free radicals | "super" oxidizers that cause an oxidation reaction and produce a new free one of these in the process; are created by highly reactive atoms or molecules (often oxygen) having an unpaired number of electrons; are unstable and can damage DNA, causing inflammation and disease in the body. |
| hydrogen | colorless, odorless, tasteless gas; the lightest element known. |
| hydrogen peroxide | chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen; a colorless liquid with a characteristic odor and a slightly acid taste. |
| hydrophilic | capable of combining with or attracting water. |
| immiscible | not capable of being mixed; eg., water and oil. |
| inorganic chemistry | branch of chemistry dealing with elements that do not contain carbon; substances that are not, and never were, alive; eg., metals, minerals, pure water, clean air. |
| lipophilic | having an affinity or attraction to fat and oils. |
| logarithmic scale | a method of displaying data in multiples of 10; pH scale. |
| matter | any substance that occupies space and has mass (weight); not everything we see has this; all of this exists in three different physical forms - solid, liquid or gas. |
| miscible | capable of being mixed with another liquid in any proportion without separating; mutually soluble; eg., water and alcohol. |
| molecule | a chemical combination of two or more atoms; there are two types of this: elemental and compound. |
| nitrogen | colorless, gaseous element that makes up four-fifths of the air in the atmosphere; found chiefly in the form of ammonia and nitrates. |
| oil-in-water emulsion | oil droplets dispersed in a water with the aid of an emulsifying agent; small amount of oil with a greater amound of water; most lotions/cremes used by estheticians are this; eg., mayo, skin cleansers, moisturizers, body washes. |
| organic chemistry | study of substances that contain carbon; all living things contain carbon; eg., gasoline, plastics, synthetic fabrics, pesticides and fertilizers. |
| oxidation | chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce an oxide. |
| oxidation-reduction reactions | one of the most common types of chemical reactions; prevalent in all areas of chemistry. When oxygen is added to a substance, the substance is oxidized; for example, rust forms when oxygen is added to iron. |
| oxidize | to combine or cause a substance to combine with oxygen. |
| oxygen | the most abundant element on earth; colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. |
| pH | relative degree of acidity and alkalinity of a substance; measured on a scale of 0 to 14; short for potential hydrogen. |
| physical change | change in the form or physical properties of a substance without a chemical reaction or the formation of a new substance. |
| physical mixture | combination of two or more substances united physically, not chemically, without a fixed composition and in any proportions. |
| physical properties | characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change in the identity of the substance. |
| redox | acronym for reduction-oxidation; chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced and the reducing agent is oxidized. |
| redox reactions | oxidation and reduction happening at the same time. |
| reduction | the loss of oxygen from a substance. |
| solute | a substance that is dissolved by a solvent to form a solution. |
| solutions | a uniform mixture of two or more mutually miscible substances; transparent (may be colored); does not separate on standing. |
| solvent | a substance that dissolves another substance to form a solution. |
| surfactants | surface active agents that reduce surface tension between the skin and the product to increase product spreadability; also allow oil and water to mix; detergents and emulsifiers; short for surface active agents. |
| suspensions | state in which solid particles are distributed throughout a liquid medium; uniform mixtures of two or more substances; differ from solutions due to the size of the particles; not usually transparent and have a tendency to separate over time. |
| water | most abundant of all substances, comprising about 75 percent of the earth's surface and about 65 percent of the human body; is seldom pure. |
| water-in-oil emulsion | droplets of water dispersed in an oil; smaller amount of water, greater amount of oil; eg., cleansing cream, baby cream, hair grooming cream. |
| acid mantle | protective lipids and secretions on top of the skin; barrier against certain forms of bacteria and microorganisms; factor in skin shedding and renewal process; average pH is 5.5 |
| acid-alkali neutralization reactions | when an acid is mixed with an alkali, also called a base, in equal proportions to neutralize each other and form water (H2O) and a salt. |
| acids | substances that have a pH below 7.0, taste sour, and turn litmus paper from blue to red. |
| air | the gaseous mixture that makes up the earth's atmosphere. It is odorless, colorless, and generally consists of about 1 part oxygen and 4 parts nitrogen by volume; also contains carbon dioxide, ammonia and organic matter. |
| alkalies | also called bases; have a pH above 7.0, taste bitter, and turn litmus paper from red to blue; the higher the pH, the greater the degree of this. |
| antioxidants | free radical scavengers, vitamins, and ingredients; also inhibit oxidation; are used both to help the condition of the skin and to stop the oxidation that causes products to turn rancid and spoil (stabilizes products); eg., Vits. A, C and E. |
| atoms | the smallest particle of an element that still retains the properties of that element; structural units that make up elements; particles from which all matter is composed. |
| chemical change | change in the chemical composition of a substance, in which a new substance or substances are formed that have properties different from the original; change that can be determined only with a chemical reaction; eg., rusting, burning wood. |
| chemical compounds | combinations of two or more atoms of different elements united chemically with a fixed chemical composition, definite proportions, and distinct properties. |
| chemical properties | those characteristics that can be determined only with a chemical reaction and that cause a chemical change in the identity of the substance. |
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