| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Motion | An object's change in position relative to a reference point |
| Reference Point | An object that you are comparing an object's motion to |
| Distance/Time | How to calculate Average Speed |
| Constant Speed | This happens when an object's speed doesn't change for a period of time |
| Speed and Direction | The 2 components of Velocity |
| Resultant Velocity | When we deal with multiple velocities at once, we calculate this velocity. Ex: You walk 1 m/s west on a bus traveling 15 m/s east, Your velocity is 14 m/s E |
| Acceleration | The rate at which Velocity changes |
| Velocity Final-Velocity Initial/Time | How to calculate Acceleration |
| Force | A Push or a Pull |
| Newtons (N) | Scientists use this unit and abbreviation to describe force |
| Add Them | When you have multiple forces, how do you examine the net force? Ex: 1 person pulls on a bench with a force of 10 N and the other pushes in the same direction with a force of 10 N. The total force is 20 N |
| Balanced Force | When the forces on an object produce a net force of 0 N, what type of force is occuring? |
| Unbalanced Force | When the net force on an object is not 0 N, what type of force is this? |
| No | When a Balanced force is occurring, is the object moving? |
| Yes | When an Unbalanced force is occurring, is the object moving? |
| Friction | A force that opposes motion between 2 objects |
| Friction | To understand this force, you need to see what's happening at a microscopic level, because all surfaces are uneven |
| Kinetic Friction | Type of friction that results when 2 forces are moving across each other (Ex: Braking on a bike) |
| Rolling and Sliding | 2 Types of Kinetic Friction |
| Static Friction | Type of friction when 2 objects are not moving across each other |
| Both | Can friction be helpful, harmful, or both? |
| Friction | Examples of this can be good (A car stopping [braking]), and bad (Wearing down machinery or fabric) |
| Increase | Does making the surface of something rougher increase or decrease friction? |
| Increase | Does increasing an object's force increase or decrease its friction? |
| Decrease | Does adding a lubricant increase or decrease an object's friction? |
| Decrease | Does switching an object's type of friction from sliding to rolling increase or decrease its friction? |
| Decrease | Does making an object's surface smoother increase or decrease an object's friction? |
| Gravity | An attractive force that exists between all objects in the universe |
| Law of Universal Gravitation | All objects are attracted to each other on some level |
| Apple and Moon | 2 objects compared in Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation |
| Gravity | This increases as Distance decreases |
| Gravity | This increases as Mass increases |
| Fg= G x m1 x m2/ r squared | Equation for Universal Gravitation |
| Galileo | This man proved all objects fall at the same rate, demonstrating this fact at the Leaning Tower of Pisa |
| Pull | To experience the same rate of fall, objects with more mass need more of this |
| 9.8 meters per second squared | All objects accelerate towards the earth at this rate |
| V= 9.8 x Time | Equation for the change in velocity of a falling object |
| Air Resistance | While all objects accelerate at the same rate, not all objects experience the same velocity because of this |
| Terminal Velocity | Because Air Resistance will eventually stop the acceleration of all objects on earth, resulting in this state |
| Newton's First Law | An Object at rest will stay at rest; An object in motion will stay in motion unless acted on by an outside force |
| An Object at rest will stay at rest; An object in motion will stay in motion unless acted on by an outside force | Newton's First Law |
| Newton's First Law | Which law is also known as the law of Inertia? |
| Inertia | The Tendency of objects to resist changes in motion |
| Mass | A Measure of an object's inertia |
| Newton's Second Law | The Acceleration of an Object depends on the mass and the force applied |
| The Acceleration of an Object depends on the mass and the force applied | Newton's Second Law |
| Force = Mass x Acceleration | Equation for Newton's Second Law |
| Newton's Third Law | To every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force |
| To every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force | Newton's Third Law |
| No | Do Force Pairs act on the same object? |
| Fluid | A substance that can easily flow |
| Both | Are examples of fluids waters, gases, or both? |
| Pressure | A Description of a force pushing on an area |
| Smaller | If pressure is related to a surface, which would result in more pressure? A force on an object with a small area, a force on an object with a large area, or are they the same? |
| Pressure = Force/Area | Equation for pressure |
| Pascals | Units of pressure |
| Atmospheric Pressure | This pressure is caused by the layer of gases that surround earth |
| Decreases | As you increase in elevation, the atmospheric pressure increases, decreases, or both? |
| Increases | As you decrease in elevation, the atmospheric pressure increases, decreases, or both? |
| Water Pressure | This pressure is caused by, well...water |
| 1000 | How many times denser is water than air? |
| Increases | As you increase in depth, the water pressure increases, decreases, or both? |
| Decreases | As you decrease in depth, the water pressure increases, decreases, or both? |
| Buoyant Force | Upward force exerted on an object by fluids |
| Flotation | Only the forces on the top and the bottom of an object affect it's (_____) |
| Bottom | Where is the pressure greater, the bottom or the top of an object? |
| Displacement | According to Archimedes' Principle, when you put an object in a full container of water, what happens? |
| Archimedes' Principle | According to this principle, weight = buoyant force |
| Float | When the buoyant force of an object > its weight, does the object sink, float, or neither? |
| Neither | When the buoyant force of an object = its weight, does the object sink, float, or neither? |
| Sink | When the buoyant force of an object < its weight, does the object sink, float, or neither? |
| 1 | The density of water is how many grams/centimeters cubed? |
| Sink | Does an object that is more dense than the fluid that it's immersed in sink or float? |
| Float | Does an object that is less dense than the fluid that it's immersed in sink or float? |
| Decreases | The faster a fluid moves, the more its pressure (increases or decreases?) |
| Increases | The slower a fluid moves, the more its pressure (increases or decreases?) |
| Bernoulli's Principle | According to this principle, the faster a fluid moves, the more its pressure decreases |
| Upwards | The difference in pressure between the fluid under the wing and over the wing creates a net force in which direction? (Upwards or downwards?) |
| Lift | The reason a jet can fly through the air |
| Lift | Net force in an upwards direction |
| Thrust | The forward force exerted by an aircraft |
| Lift | The greater the thrust, the greater the (_____) |
| Thrust | The greater the (_____), the greater the lift |
| Drag | Force that's a result of irregular air flow and acts in a direction opposite to flow over a wing and against the direction of an aircraft |
| Turbulence | Irregular flows of air |
| Force | Increase in Area = Increase in (_____) |
| Area | Increase in (_____) = Increase in Force |
| Hydraulic system | This uses the basic principles of a U-Tube to multiply the magnitude of a force |
| Magnitude | A hydraulic system uses the basic principle of a U-Tube to multiply the (_____) of a force |
| Force | A hydraulic system uses the basic principles of a U-Tube to multiply the magnitude of a (_____) |
| Increased efficiency, More Power and Force, and Greater Safety | 3 advantages of moving large objects with small forces |
| Work | When someone exerts a force on an object and it moves in the direction of the force |
| Force x Distance | Work equation |
| Joules | Unit of work |
| Input Force | Force you do on a machine |
| Output Force | Modification of the input force on a machine |
| Output Force/Input Force | Mechanical Advantage (Machine) equation |
| Output Work/Input Work x 100% | Mechanical Efficiency equation |
| Length/Elevation | Ramp Mechanical Advantage Equation |
| Fulcrum | Fixed Point of a Lever |
| 1st Class Lever | Lever where the fulcrum is between the input and output forces |
| 2nd Class Lever | Lever where the output force is between the input force and fulcrum |
| 3rd Class Lever | Lever where the input force is between the output force and fulcrum |
| Wheel Radius/Axle Radius | Wheel & Axle Effectiveness equation |
| Fixed, Movable, and Block & Tackle | 3 types of pulleys |
| Length/Width | Equation for a lever's Mechanical Advantage |
| Wheel and Axle, Wedge, and Lever | The 3 machines in a can opener |
| Length of Effort/Length of Resistance | Mechanical Advantage formula (Lever) |
| Energy | The ability to do work |
| Kinetic and Potential | 2 main types of energy |
| Mass and Velocity | 2 things Kinetic Energy depends on |
| Mass x Velocity Squared/2 | Kinetic Energy equation |
| Weight x Height | Gravitational Potential Energy equation |
| Mechanical Energy | Potential + Kinetic Energy |
| Thermal, Chemical, Electrical, Sound, Light, and Nuclear | 6 types of energy besides kinetic and potential |
| Energy can't be created or destroyed | Law of Conservation of Energy |
| Thermal, Sound, and Light | 3 types of energy kinetic and potential can be converted into |
| Energy | When a bat hits a baseball, what's transferred from the bat to the ball? |
| Mechanical | As a ball flies through the air after being hit, what type of energy does it have? |
| Friction | A Force that opposes motion between 2 surfaces |
| Chemical | You take in this type of energy when you eat fruit and veggies |
| Kinetic | Energy of motion |
| Energy | Ability to do work |
| Potential | Energy of position |
| Mechanical | Total energy of motion and position |
| Gravitational Potential | Energy given to an object that's lifted |
| Thermal | Kinetic energy due to the random motion of the particles that make up an object |
| Sound | Energy caused by an object's vibrations |
| Electrical | Energy of moving electrons |
| Light | Energy produced by vibrations of electrically charged particles |
| Top of the 1st Hill | Where potential energy is greatest in a roller coaster |
| Thermal | After energy conversions, some of the original energy is converted into this type of energy |
| Energy Efficiency | This is found when you compare the amount of energy before and after a conversion |
| Charge | A physical property that exerts a force |
| Law of Electric Charges | This says that like charges repel and opposite charges attract |
| Electrical Force | Force between charged objects |
| Size and Distance | These 2 factors attract force |
| Electrical Field | This is where the force created by a charged object exists |
| Friction | By rubbing 2 objects together, 1 object gains electrons and 1 loses them |
| Conduction | When electrons move from one object to another by direct contact |
| Induction | This occurs when electrons are rearranged without touching |
| Law of Conservation of Charge | This says charges aren't lost when you transfer electrons.. AND.. Charges aren't created or destroyed |
| Conductors | Materials through which charges flow easily |
| Insulators | Materials through which charges don't flow easily |
| Static Electricity | Electricity where the charge is unmoving |
| Electrical Discharge | When you "shock" someone, the scientific term |
| Electric Current | The rate at which charges pass a given point |
| Amperes | Current unit |
| Alternating Current | Current where currents shift from flowing in 1 to the other direction |
| Direct Current | Current where currents flow in 1 direction |
| Voltage | Potential difference between 2 points |
| Resistance | The opposition to the flow of electric charge |
| Ohms | Resistance unit |
| Liquid | Do Wet Cells have liquid or solid electrolytes? |
| Solid | Do Dry Cells have liquid or solid electrolytes? |
| V=IxR | Voltage Equation |
| Voltage Equation | Ohm's Law is pretty much just this equation |
| P=VxI | Power Equation |
| Watts | Power unit |
| EE=PxT | Electrical Energy Equation |
| kWh | Electrical energy unit |
| Energy Source, Wire, and Lode | The 3 parts of a circuit |
| Wave | Any disturbance that transmits energy through matter or empty space |
| Medium | Material a wave travels through |
| Electromagnetic Waves | Waves that don't need a medium to travel through |
| Mechanical Waves | Waves that need a medium to travel through |
| Wave Length | Crest to Crest or Trough to Trough (Transverse) |
| Amplitude | Rest to Crest (Transverse) |
| Higher | Is the energy of a shorter wave higher or lower than a bigger wave? |
| Frequency | Number of waves that pass a given point in a second |
| Amplitude | Intensity of compression (Longitudinal) |
| Wave Length | Middle of Rarefaction to middle of next rarefaction (Transverse) |
| Hz | Frequency unit (abbreviation) |
| S=WLxF | Speed Equation |
| Reflection | These waves have an angle of incidence that's the same as the angle of reflection |
| Refraction | This occurs when a wave moves from 1 medium into another and changes speed, which causes the wave to bend |
| Diffraction | This occurs when waves come into contact with barriers |
| Constructive Interference | This happens when 2 waves interact to make a bigger wave |
| Destructive Interference | This happens when 2 waves interact to make a smaller wave |
| Loudness | The sound level, or how well a sound can be heard |
| Increases | As intensity goes up, loudness does this (Increases or Decreases) |
| dB | This abbreviation measures loudness |
| Amplitude | In a sound wave, this is calculated by measuring the farthest distance the particles in a wave vibrate away from their rest positions |
| Louder | The larger the amplitude, the __ the sound (Louder or Quieter) |
| Frequency | In a sound wave, this measures vibrations per second |
| Higher | Higher notes require __ (frequencies in a sound wave), (Higher or Lower) |
| Pitch | This describes how high or low a sound seems to a person. |
| High | High pitch means __ frequency (High or Low) |
| Resonance | This happens when vibrations of a sound match an object's natural frequency |
| Higher | When sound waves are close together, is the sound higher or lower than if they're apart? |
| Reflection | This occurs when a wave bounces off a survace |
| Echolocation | This is what bats and dolphins do to find food (when they make sounds to find the food) |
| Constructive | When 2 sound waves cross, is it constructive or destructive interference? |
| Destructive | When there are spaces between 2 sound waves, is it constructive or destructive interference? |
| Beats | These are created when 2 sounds oscillate between interfering constructively and destructively |
| Noise | This happens when a sound is created by a random mix of frequencies |
| Light | Energy that travels as a wave |
| No | Does light need a medium? |
| Field | This exists around another object and can exert a force without touching the object |
| Electrical | This field is the field that surrounds all charged objects |
| Magnetic | This field is a field that surrounds all magnets |
| 300,000,000 m/s | The speed of light |
| Air, Glass, and Liquid | 3 things sound travels slower in |
| 8 minutes | How long does it take for light from the sun to travel to Earth? |
| Radio | Which electromagnetic wave has the longest wave length and lowest energy? |
| Microwave | Which electromagnetic wave is used for food prep and communication? |
| Infrared | Which electromagnetic wave carries heat? |
| Visible | Which electromagnetic wave is light we can see? |
| Ultraviolet | Which electromagnetic wave is the 3rd type of wave from the sun that causes burns and skin cancer? |
| X-Ray | Which electromagnetic wave has the 2nd highest energy, and has high frequencies that penetrate tissue but not bone? |
| Gamma Ray | Which electromagnetic wave has the highest energy and can be used to kill cancer? |
| Decibals | What does dB stand for? |
| Longitudinal | What kind of wave is sound? (Longitudinal or Transverse) |
| Air, Solids, and Liquids | 3 things sound can travel through |
| Medium | The speed of sound measures the speed of the disturbance traveling through THIS |
| 343 m/s | How fast does sound travel through the air? |
| Elasticity | This measures how fast an object will bounce back to its original shape |
| Less | Will a sound travel more quickly in materials with more or less density? |
| Higher | Will a sound travel faster at a higher or lower temperature? |
| Regular and Diffuse | 2 types of reflection |
| Absorption | This happens when light waves transfer energy to matter |
| Scattering | This happens when matter causes light to change direction |
| Refraction | This is the bending of a wave as it passes at an angle from one substance to another |
| Diffraction | This is the bending of light around barriers or through openings |
| Interference | This occurs when 2 or more light waves overlap |
Combine with other sets
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