1.
abscess: a collection of pus (dead neutrophils) that has accumulated in a cavity formed by the tissue in which the pus resides on the basis of an infections process (usually caused by bacteria or parasites or other foreign materials.
2.
accessory fissure: an in-folding of peritoneum into the liver.
3.
agenesis: failure of an organ to develop during embryonic growth and development
4.
angiomyolipoma: a benign tumor composed of blood vessel endothelium, smooth muscle tissue, and fat.
5.
anomaly: a discrepancy or deviation from an established appearance or shape. these may eventually cause problems for the patient.
6.
autosomal dominant traits: traits that are expressed if present on one gene. only one parent has to have the trait to have a child with the same trait
7.
autosomal recessive traits: traits not expressed unless the gene is present on both autosomal chromosomes. both parents must be carriers to produce a child with this type of hereditary disease.
8.
candidiasis: a fungal infection by candida albicans (also known as thrush)
9.
cavernous transformation: multiple tube-like structures appearing around the portal vein which represent collaterals in the presence of portal vein obstruction or impedance to portal vein flow into the liver
10.
cholangiocarcinoma: a malignant (cancerous) growth in one of the ducts that carries bile from the liver to the small intestine. also known as bile duct cancer
11.
collateral circulation: an alternate route for blood flow when the primary artery or vein is blocked
12.
compensatory hypertrophy: the enlargement of an organ (or part of an organ) due to damage or agenesis of an organ (or part of an organ)
13.
contrast agent: a substance injected into the blood stream that increases the contrast between tumors and normal liver tissue, making them more visible
14.
core biopsy: a procedure in which a small piece of tissue is removed from an organ in order to examine it under a microscope. usually done to rule out malignancy of a tumor.
15.
diaphragmatic slip: occurs when the diaphragm invaginates into the liver during embryological development and remains stuck there
16.
diffuse hepatocellular disease: a disease that involves the entire liver
17.
E.Coli: a bacteria that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms
18.
echinococcus granulosis: this is the parasite that causes hydatid disease (tapeworm 3-6mm long) most common in sheep and cattle herding countries.
19.
fibromellar carcinoma: a subtype of hepatocellular carcinoma that is found in adolescents and young adults without coexisting liver disease
20.
fine needle aspiration: a procedure in which a thin needle is placed into a tissue or organ. cells are acquired by drawing them up into a syringe
21.
focal nodular hyperplasia: known as FNH, this is the 2nd most common benign mass of the liver
22.
Glycogen: this is stored energy. it is made primarily by the liver and the muscles, but can also be made by glycogenesis within the brain and stomach. it is stored in the liver and when energy is needed it is converted into glucose and released in the blood.
23.
hamartoma: a benign, focal malformation that resembles a neoplasm in the tissue of its origin. this is not a malignant tumor, and it grows at the same rate as the surrounding tissues. it is composed of tissue elements normally found at that site, but which are growing in a disorganized mass. they occur in many different parts of the body and are most often asymptomatic and undetected unless seen on an image take for another reason.
24.
hemangioendothelioma: a true neoplasm of vascular origin, characterized by proliferation of endothelial cells in and about the vascular lumen; it is usually considered to be intermediate in grade between hemangioma and hemangiosarcoma but sometimes is used to denote the latter.
25.
hemangioma: a benign tumor composed of blood vessels
26.
hepatocellular carcinoma: accounts for the majority of all primary liver cancers. this type of cancer occurs more often in men than women, usually in people 50-60 years old. the disease is more common in parts of Africa and Asia than in north or south America and Europe. most common cause in America is alcoholic cirrhosis.
27.
hyperglycemia: elevated blood sugar
28.
hypervascular: term that means "demonstrating excessive color flow when evaluated with color doppler."
29.
hypoglycemia: low blood sugar
30.
incubation period: the time elapsed between exposure to a pathogenic organism, a chemical, or radiation, and when symptoms and signs are first apparent
31.
karposis sarcoma: a rare type of cancer seen in patients with immune deficiency. mainly seen in patients with AIDS.
32.
lipoma: a benign tumor composed of fat
33.
liver flukes: Flatworms that can occur in bile ducts, gallbladder, and liver parenchyma. they feed on blood. adult flukes produce eggs which are passed into the intestine. it respires anaerobically. its life cycle contain two hosts: sheep and snail.
34.
Liver Function Tests: include direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, serum protein, albumin, beta globulin, Alkaline Phosphate (ALP), Alpha Fetal Protein (AFP), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)/Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)/Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT), cholestero, Lactic Dehydrogenase (LDH), and Prothrombin Time (PTT)
35.
medical jaundice: this type of jaundice occurs due to hepatocellular disease
36.
microbubble enhanced sonography: the injection of a contrast (which consists of microbubbles in a suspension) for the purpose of enhancing the visualization of the vascularity of a mass on sonography
37.
normal variant: an unusual property of an organ or tissue (ie shape, size, or form) which usually does not cause medical problems for the patient.
38.
omphalocele: a type of abdominal wall defect in which the intestines, liver, and occasionally other organs remain outside the abdomen in a sac because of a defect in the development of the muscles of the abdominal wall
39.
pyogenic: refers to bacterial infections that make pus.
40.
recannalization: re-opening of a vein such as the paraumbilical vein in the liver
41.
Ringdown: an artifact commonly seen in the presence of gas. It appears as bright white vertical lines on the US images. See in cases of biliary hamartoma from the cholesterol crystals that are trapped in the mass during development.
42.
schistosome: a parasite commonly known as blood-flukes and bilharzia, includes flatworms which are responsible for the msot significant parasitic infection of humans by causing the disease schistosomiasis.
43.
situs inversus: a variant or anomaly in which the organs are located (by varying degrees) on the opposite side of the body
44.
spelt: single-photon emission computed tomography (a special type of CT scan)
45.
surgical jaundice: this type of jaundice occurs due to an obstruction of bile flow out of the liver which causes it to spill over into the blood.
46.
target lesion: a bull's eye lesion composed of rings of varying echogenicity resembling a bull's eye pattern
47.
TIPS: a shunt used in patients with portal hypertension. it connects the right portal vein to the right hepatic vein in order to relieve pressure in the portal vein system.
48.
triglycerides: an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids. it is the main constituent of vegetable oil and animal fats
49.
varices: enlarged distended veins
