OTD- Chapter 4
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188 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 ankyl/o | crooked or stiff |
| arthr/o, articul/o | joint |
| brachi/o | arm |
| cervic/o | neck |
| chondr/o | cartilage |
| cost/o | rib |
| crani/o | skull |
| dactyl/o | digit (finger or toe) |
| fasci/o | fascia (a band) |
| femor/o | femur |
| fibr/o | fiber |
| kyph/o | humped-back |
| lie/o | smooth |
| lord/o | bent |
| lumb/o | loin (lower back) |
| my/o, myos/o, muscul/o | muscle |
| myel/o | bone marrow or spinal cord |
| oste/o | bone |
| patell/o | knee cap |
| pelv/i | pelvis (basin) or hip bone |
| radi/o | radius |
| rhabd/o | rod-shaped or striated (skeletal) |
| sarc/o | flesh |
| scoli/o | twisted |
| spondyl/o, vertebr/o | vertebra |
| stern/o | sternum (breastbone) |
| ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o | tendon (to stretch) |
| thorac/o | chest |
| ton/o | tone or tension |
| uln/o | ulna |
| appendicular skeleton | bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities |
| axial skeleton | bones of the skull, vertebral column, chest, and hyoid bone (U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue) |
| bone | specialized connective tissue composed of osteocytes (bone cells); forms the skeleton |
| compact bone | tightly solid bone tissue that forms the exterior of bonesq |
| spongy bone or cancellous bone | mesh-like bone tissue found in the interior of bones,, and surrounding the medullary cavity |
| long bones | bones of the arms and legs |
| short bones | bones of the wrist and ankles |
| flat bones | bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull |
| irregular bones | bones of the vertebrae and face |
| sesamoid bones | round bones found near joints (i.e. the patella) |
| epihysis | wide ends of a long bone |
| diaphysis | shaft of a long bone |
| metaphysis | growth between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development of the long bone |
| endosteum | membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone |
| medullary cavity | cavity within the shaft of the long bones; filled with bone marrow |
| bone marrow | soft connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones |
| red bone marrow | functions to form red blood cells, some white blood cells, and platelets; found int he cavities of most bones in infants and in the flat bones in adults |
| yellow bone marrow | gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue and is inactive in the formation of blood cells |
| periosteum | a fivrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone |
| articular cartilage | a gristle-like substance on bones where they articulate |
| articulation | a joint; the point where two bones come together |
| bursa | a fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid |
| disk or disc | a flat, plate-like structure composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue between the vertebrae that reduces friction |
| nucleus pulpossu | the sfot, fibrocartilaginous, central portion of the intervertebral disk |
| ligament | a flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone |
| synovial membrane | membrane lining the capsule of a joint |
| synovial fluid | joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane |
| muscle | tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body |
| striated muscle or skeletal muscle | voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton |
| smooth muscle | involuntary muscle found in internal organs |
| cardiac muscle | muscle of the heart |
| origin of a muscle | muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts |
| insertion of a muscle | muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts |
| tendon | a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone |
| fascia | a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle |
| anatomic or anatomical position | a term of reference that health professionals use when noting body planes, positions or directions: the person is assumed to be standing upright (erect), facing forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward; the patient is visualized in this pose when applying any other term or reference |
| body planes | reference planes for indicating the location or direction of the body parts |
| coronal plane or frontal plane | vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions |
| sagittal plane | vertical division of the body into right and left portions |
| transverse plane | horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions |
| anterior (a) or ventral | front of the body |
| posterior (p) or dorsal | back of the body |
| anterior-posterior (AP) | from front to back, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam |
| posterior-anterior (PA) | from back to front, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam |
| superior or cephalic | situated above another structure, toward the head |
| inferior or caudal | situated below another structure, away from the head |
| proximal | toward the beginning or origin of a structure |
| distal | away from the beginning or origin of a structure |
| medial | toward the middle (midline) |
| lateral | toward the side |
| axis | the imaginary line that runs through the center of the body or a body part |
| erect | normal standing position |
| decubitus | lying down, especially in a bed; lateral decubitus is laying on side |
| prone | lying face down and flat |
| recumbent | lying down |
| supine | horizontal recumbent; lying flat on the back ("on the spine") |
| flexion | bending at the joint so that the angle between teh bones is decreased |
| extension | straigthening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is increased |
| abduction | movement away from the body |
| adduction | movement toward the body |
| rotation | circular movement around an axis |
| eversion | turning outward |
| inversion | turning inward |
| supination | turning the palm upward |
| pronation | turning of the palm or sole downward or backward |
| dorsiflexion | bneidng of the foot or toes upward |
| plantar flexion | bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground |
| range of motion (ROM) | total motion possible in a joint; described by the terms related to body movements (i.e. ability to flex, extend, abduct, or adduct); measured in degrees |
| goniometer | instrument used to measure joint angles |
| arthralgia | joint pain |
| atrophy | shrinking of muscle size |
| crepitation or crepitus | grating sound sometimes made by the movement of a joint or broken bones |
| exostosis | a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage |
| flaccid | flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone |
| hypertrophy | increase in the size of tissue, such as muscle |
| hypotonia | reduced muscle tone or tension |
| myalgia or myodynia | muscle pain |
| ostealgia or osteodynia | bone pain |
| rigor or rigidity | stiffness; stiff muscle |
| spasm | drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle |
| spastic | uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles, causing stiff and awkward movements (resembles spasm) |
| tetany | tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction |
| tremor | shaking; rhythmic muscular movement |
| ankylosis | stiff joint condition |
| arthritis | inflammation of the joints characterized by pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and limitation of motion; there are more than 100 different types of arthritis |
| osteoarthritis | most common form of arthritis, especially affecting the weight-bearing joints (i.e. knee or hip), characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage |
| rheumatoid arthritis | most crippling form of arthritis; characterized by chronic systemic inflammation, most often affecting joints and synovial membranes (especially in the hands and feet) and causing ankylosis and deformity |
| gouty arthritis | acute attacks of arthritis, usually in a single joint (especially the great toe), caused by hyperuricemia (an excessive level or uric acid in the blood) |
| bony necrosis or sequestrum | bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply, such as can occur after a fracture |
| bunion | swelling of the joint at the base of the great toe caused by inflammation of the bursa |
| bursitis | inflammation of a bursa |
| chondromalacia | inflammation of a bursa |
| chondromalacia | softening of cartilage |
| epiphysitis | inflammation of the epiphyseal regions of the long bone |
| fracture (Fx) | broken or cracked bone |
| closed fracture | broken bone with no open wound |
| open fracture | compound fracture; broken bone with an open wound |
| simple fracture | nondisplaced fracture with one fracture line that does nnot require extensive treatment to repair |
| complex fracture | displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair |
| fracture line | the line of the break in a broken bone |
| comminuted fracture | broken in many small pieces |
| greenstick fracture | bendign and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children |
| herniated disk | protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root |
| myeloma | bone marrow tumor |
| myositis | inflammation of muscle |
| myoma | muscle tumor |
| leiomyoma | smooth muscle tumor |
| leiomyosarcoma | malignant smooth muscle tumor |
| rhabdomyoma | skeletal muslce tumor |
| rhabdomyosarcoma | malignant skeletal muscle tumor |
| muscular dystrophy | a category of genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles; Duchenne type is most common |
| osteoma | bone tumor |
| osteosarcoma | malignant bone tumor |
| osteomalacia | disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency |
| rickets | osteomalacia in children; causes bone deformity |
| osteomyelitis | infection of bone and bone marrow; causing inflammation |
| osteoporosis | condition of decreased bone density and increased porosity, causes bones to become brittle and fracture more easily |
| spinal curvatures | curvatures of the spine or spinal column |
| kyphosis | abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine (humped back) |
| lordosis | abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition) |
| scoliosis | abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (s-shaped curve) |
| spondylolisthesis | forward slipping of a lumbar vertebra |
| spondylosis | stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae caused by joint degeneration |
| sprain | injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture |
| subluxation | partial dislocation |
| tendinitis or tendonitis | inflammation of a tendon |
| electromyogram (EMG) | electrical activity or a muscle at rest and during contraction used to diagnose neuromusculoskeletal disorders (neurologist) |
| nuclear medicine imaging | an ionizing imaging echnique using radioactive isotopes |
| bone scan | anuclear scan (radionuclide image) of bone tissue to detect a tumor, malignancy, etc., whole body bone scan |
| radiography | an imaging modality using x-rays (ionizing radiation) commonly used in orthopedics to visualize extremities |
| arthrogram | a radiograph of a joint taken after the injection of a contrast medium |
| CT | cross sectional images that are processed into a two dimensional or three dimensional figure |
| amputation | partial or complete rmoval of a limb |
| arthrocentesis | puncture for aspirationof a joing |
| arthrodesis | binding or fusing or joint surfaces |
| arthroplasty | repair or reconstruction of a joint |
| arthroscopy | procedure using an arthroscope to examine diagnose, and repair a joint from within |
| bone grafting | transplantation or a piece of bone from one stie to another to repair a skeletal defect |
| bursectomy | excision or a bursa |
| myoplasty | repair of a muscle |
| open reduction, internal fixation, of a fracture | internal surgical repair of a fracture by bringing bones back into alignment and fixing them in place with devices such as plates, screws, and pins |
| osteoplasty | repair of bone |
| osteotomy | an incision into bone |
| spondylosyndesis | spinal fusion |
| tenotomy | division of a tendon by incision to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle |
| closed reduction, external fixation of a fracture | external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment along with application of an external device to protect and hold the bone in place while healing |
| casting | use of a stiff, solid dressing around a limb or other body part to immobilize it during healing |
| splinting | use of a rigid device to immobilize or restrain a broken bone or injured body part; provides less support than a cast, but can be adjusted more easily to accommodate swelling from an injury |
| traction (tx) | application of a pulling force to a fractured bone or dislocated joint to maintain proper position during healing |
| closed reduction, percutaneous fixation of a fracture | external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment, followed by insertion of one or more pins through the skin to maintain position; often includes use of an external device called a fixator to keep the fracture immobilized during healing |
| orthosis | use of an orthopedic appliance to maintain a bone's position or to provide limb support |
| physical therapy | treatment to rehabilitate patients disabled by illness or injury; involves many different modalities (methods) such as exercise, hydrotherapy, diathermy, and ultrasound |
| prosthesis | an artificial replacement for a missing body part or a device used to improve a body function, such as an artificial limb, hip, or joint |
| analgesic | a drug that relives pain |
| narcotic | a potent analgesic with addictive properties |
| antiinflammatory | a drug that reduces inflammation |
| antipyretic | a drug that relives fever |
| nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug | a group of drugs with analgesic, antiinflammatory, and antipyretic properties (i.e. ibuprofen and aspirin), commonly used to treat arthritis |
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