| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Single, uniform code regulated almost all areas of Byzantine life- got some scholars together to make the code and had them straighten out the mess; basis of future European Law codes | 1. What was Justinian's Code and why was it important? |
| Eastern Orthodox Church missionaries to Slavs to convert them; the Cyrillic Alphabet | 2. Who were Cyril and Methodius? What is their greatest legacy? |
| Khanate of the Golden Horde | 4. Which group of Mongols controlled early Russia? |
| Ivan III stood up against the Mongols: the battle that wasn't | 5. How did Russia eventually get free from them? |
| Russian princes learned to collect tribute and to gather an army – these skills served them well in the future when Russia finally breaks free of the Mongols. | 6. What valuable skills did the Russians learn as a result of their time under Mongol influence? |
| Liberating the Russians from Mongols, First national sovereign (but not first czar)Began centralizing the Russian government | 7. Give three things that Ivan III (the Great) is known for. What was his title? |
| Abbasids; Islam | 8. What empire did the Seljuk Turks create? What religion did they espouse? |
| Looked to the Persians for all cultural influences | 9. What was the impact of the Turkish preference for Persian culture and politics? |
| a way of referring to a type of governing that usually involves negotiations- secretive treaties- that are subrosa- devious- getting what you want ; Sneaky, underhanded, doing anything | 10. What is meant by "byzantine diplomacy"? |
| Eastern/Russian Orthodox | 11. What religion did the Russians adopt as their state religion? |
| He was a skilled general, his men were fast furious and fierce | 13. What made Genghis Khan a great conqueror? |
| Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace) – mid 1200s to mid 1300s | 14. What was the Pax Mongolica? Why was it important? |
| Tang; tang Taizong- restored china to its glory, great general, Wu Zhao- only woman to take title of emperor | 15. What dynasty did Tang Taizong and Wu Zhao belong to? Why are they important? |
| Magnetic Compass, acupuncture, movable type, GUNPOWDER, mechanical clock, paper money, porcelain, guns | 16. Please list the major inventions/developments of the Tang and Song dynasties. |
| Ship building, magnetic compass, | 17. What helped China become a great sea power under the Song? |
| Crushing taxes, couldn't control the whole empire, Muslim armies defeated them | 18. What caused the fall of the Tang dynasty? |
| A samurai was a member of the warrior class, both men and women (all trained with weapons, different for women); Bushido; he was a military soldier and leader that was loyal to his master and protected him; 'not well' they would ceremoniously kill themselves (seppuku) | 19. What was a "samurai"? By what code did he live? What role did he play in society? How did he deal with failure? |
| Confucianism, Shinto | 20. What foreign religion/philosophy was adopted in Japan? What native religion did they blend with it? |
| It is the first true novel | 21. What was the importance of The Tale of Genji? |
| Allowed people to have job by taking a fair test instead of granting things, jobs by ability than birth | 22. What was the importance of the civil service system in China? |
| Mongols believed foreigners were better leaders because they didn't have any political ties | 23. Why did Kublai Khan favor Mongols and other foreigners for government posts? |
| Hyan, Early Shogunates, defacto in titu, feudalism | 24. Describe the government that emerged in Japan |
| He united the Franks | 25. What was the importance of Clovis? |
| The Benedict- rules for the | 26. What did Benedict create to govern monasteries? |
| to socio-political and economic system based on the relationship between a lord and his vassal and supported by the serfs in the manorial system – system of manors | 27. What was feudalism? Why did it develop? How did it hold society together? |
| A person who was tied to the land, worked the land and Lord owned the produce of the land. | 28. What was a serf? A fief? |
| By buying it, or staying in a town for a year and a day | 29. How could a serf achieve freedom? |
| It was the center of it, feudal society was a system of manors and land grants | 30. What role did the manor play in feudal society? |
| fief- land grant, protection- if the vassal was attacked the lord would help and protect you and avenge you if he was too late, governance- resolution of disputes | 31. What did a lord promise to his vassals? |
| (loyalty- oath of fealty- took to lord by vassal , military service (45-60 days) , ransom- pay it if the lord was captured, hospitality- lord would honor you with a visit, especially if he wasn't sure of your loyalty- came with an entourage of 100 knights and their servants and stayed for a month | 32. What did the vassals owe to their lord? |
| In was a spiritual and a temporal power, the church owned manors and serfs | 33. What role did the Church play in feudal society? |
| Apprentice-2-7 years Can't marry Studies under A master of journey man, young, their family pays for them, are taught how to do it, | 35. Describe the role/life of an apprentice. A journeyman. A master. |
| Couldn't lawfully, usually bound to the land- couldn't leave (even if they were starving or disease or mean lord) If they escaped they were brought back, anyone who helped them hide were in trouble | 36. How could a serf gain his freedom? |
| Demanded that a knight defend all of the three people his earthly lord, his heavenly Lord, and his chosen lady | 37. Describe the code of chivalry. |
| A law that is enforced by the church, the pope | 38. What is canon law? |
| A tax paid to the church | 39. What is a tithe? |
| party!!!! Social and proved courage, prepared for battle, | 40. What was the importance of a tournament? How did it change as time went on? |
| Gossip, passed info, played music, and entertained | 41. What role was played by a troubadour? |
| Eleanor marries Louis VII of France, Louis then sets off on the Second Crusade | 42. Who was Eleanor of Aquitaine? Why was she important? |
| Henry the Lawgiver, civil courts, Vassal to French king because of Aquitaine (complex relationships) | 43. Why was Henry II important? |
| When the Christian church split and became Easter Orthodox and Christian; there were three popes because one pope moved the capital to France and then there was another pope and another | 44. What was the Great Schism? The Avignon Papacy? |
| - lay people decided who had high church officers, They competed for power and with lay investiture it gave more power to the kings | 45. Define lay investiture. How did it affect the relationship between popes and kings? |
| Lay investiture | 46. Henry IV (HRE) disagreed with Pope Gregory VII over what issue? |
| Interdict was a very powerful thing because it made all the people unhappy and it was all their leaders fault | 47. How could a pope use interdict to force a ruler to bend to the papal will? |
| Henry IV was unhappy and challenged Gregory's proclamation; tried force him out of papacy, and he had to stand out in the snow for four days | 48. What was Henry's punishment? How did he atone? |
| Limited power of nobles;1. missi domenici"- those sent out by the lord to check on the local governors to make sure they were keeping the law, not abusing the people, or taking bribes ;3. Regularly visited all parts of kingdom to insure proper governance;4. Encouraged learning – established palace school (Alcuin est. school at Aachen – capital) (TRUE FALSE QUESTION); 5. Ordered monasteries to open schools to train future priests | 49. What are the main things for which Charlemagne is remembered? |
| When Charlemagne's empire was split between his 3 grandsons Treaty of Verdun 843 | 50. What was the Treaty of Verdun? |
| The Reconquista is the reconquering of Spain for Catholicism, | 51. What was the Reconquista? The Inquisition? |
| It was when William the Conqueror took over England 1066 | 52. What was the Norman Conquest of England? |
| Brought French, Brings feudalism to England (replaces Saxon tribal structure) United England under William I | 53. How did the Norman Conquest change England? |
| Vassal to French king because of Aquitaine (complex relationships) Strengthened royal courts Sent judges around land Introduced use of jury Established common law | 54. How did Henry II change English law? |
| Lost to the nobles (magna carta), lost to the church (tried to make priests pay taxes), and lost to France (land) | 55. Why do we refer to John as a "three-time loser"? |
| John, the nobles 1215 | 56. Which English king was forced to sign the Magna Carta? By whom? |
| So the nobles could retain their land and have gaurenteed rights | 57. Why was the Magna Carta created? |
| Parliament | 58. What was the legislative body of medieval England? |
| 2 crops and you alternated and let one field lie empty | 59. What was the three-field system? What impact did it have? |
| To convert the Muslims; Not successful | 60. What was the chief goal of the Crusades? How successful were they overall? |
| The animosity and hatred between Muslims and Catholics, bitterness | 61. What negative effect of the Crusades continues until the present day? |
| A disease of plagues (Bubonic ) that killed A LOT OF PEOPLE Possibly from the Mongols; It was spread through fleas on rats | 62. What was the Black Death? How did it arrive in Europe? How was it spread? |
| Reduced population, started ideas of humanism | 63. How did it change society in Europe? |
| Introduction of longbow, archers, | 65. What were the most important effects of the Hundred Years' War? |
| Expansion of trade and business; | 66. What was the Commercial Revolution? What were some of its more significant effects? |
| The Aztec and Mayan Sun god | 67. Who was Quetzalcoatl? |
| Tikal, Copan, Palenque, Uxmal, and Chichen | 68. What were the chief Mayan cities? |
| Some areas were wetlands and swampy, dig a channel and the dirt goes on top, raised field, water is drained; because it was difficult to have a good harvest and good food without draining the land a little | 69. What was raised field agriculture? Why did the Mayans develop it? |
| Squash, corn, beans | 70. What were the chief Mayan crops? |
| Agriculture and trade | 71. What was the Mayan economy based on? |
| Over population, | 72. What brought about the downfall of the Mayan society? |
| Yes, 2 yes, yes, | 73. Did the Mayans have writing? A calendar? Human sacrifice? |
| Captured enemies, they didn't do it as much as other civilixation | 74. If they had human sacrifice, how were their victims selected? |
| Tenochtitlan | 75. What were the chief Aztec cities? |
| Floating gardens -Were built on top of marshy plot of land where there were no dry plots to farm on | 76. What were chinampas? Why did the Aztecs develop them? |
| Corn, beans and squash | 77. What were the chief Aztec crops? |
| Trade and Agriculture | 78. What was the Aztec economy based on? |
| 1519- Cortes conquered the Axtecs with gun power and disease | 79. What brought about the downfall of the Aztec society? |
| No writing system, calendar, yes | 80. Did the Aztecs have writing? A calendar? Human sacrifice? |
| Continued conquest because prisoners of war | 81. If they had human sacrifice, how were their victims selected? |
| Harsh very powerful, let them keep going they way they were | 82. How did the Aztecs maintain control of conquered tribes? |
| Machu Pichu, Cuzco, Chan Chan | 83. What were the chief Inca cities? |
| Terracing | 84. How did the Incas farm the steep mountains of the Andes? |
| Trade and Agriculture | 85. What was the Inca economy based on? |
| - | 86. Did the Incas develop the wheel? Mortar? Iron? Writing? |
| A set of knotted strings that could be used to record data, numbers | 87. What was quipu? What was it used for? |
| Organized the people into groups, controlled almost all economic power | 88. How did the Inca hold their extensive empire together? |
| Grass bridges from the tops of mountains | 89. How did the Inca travel across the steep chasms in the mountains? |
| Disease (small pox), civil war, and then Franciscs Pisaro 1534 | 90. What brought about the downfall of the Inca? |
| Fishing, gathering, hunting, subsistence | 91. What was the basis for the economies of the Alaskan Amerindians? |
| Environment, and harsh climate | 92. Why are the Alaskan Amerindians so diverse and generous? |
| Families displayed their rank and prosperity in an elaborate ceremony; in the ceremony they gave gifts to the community; so the host therefore became wealthier and could give more because they had all this stuff | 93. What is a potlatch ceremony? How did it affect the social standing of the host? |
| It made them a diverse and generous people, the variety in climate and environment decides the political, economical, and societal | 95. How did the diverse environments affect the lifestyles of the Alaskan Amerindians? |
| Pueblos | 96. What was an Anasazi dwelling called? |
| Agriculture and Trade | 97. What was the basis for the Anasazi economy? |
| Possibly drought, pueblos were abandoned | 98. What brought about the downfall of the Anasazi? |
| Mesa Verde | 99. What was the major city of the Mound Builders? |
| Agriculture and trade | 102. What was a patron? Name one family of patrons. |
| Someone who sponsored an artist or musician monetarily, Medicis | 103. What was the Renaissance? What was a Renaissance man? |
| Italy, it had thriving cities, a wealthy merchant class, the classical heritage of Greece and Rome | 104. Where did the Renaissance begin? Why? |
| Trade, education, and conquest | 105. How did the Renaissance spread? |
| An intellectual movement that focused on Human potential and achievements | 106. What was humanism? |
| Because they looked down on the writing of the middle ages and looked to Ancient Rome and Greece for inspiration | 107. Why did humanists study classical texts? |
| Realism and perspective | 108. What new techniques were developed by Renaissance artists? |
| Leonardo da Vinci- Mona Lisa Michelangelo- PietaRaphael- the School of Athens | 109. Who were some of the greatest Renaissance artists? Can you match each of them with his most famous work |
| It was unified, Examining ideas, intellectual, later, questioning new ideas and the printing press and martin luther contributed | 110. How did the northern Renaissance differ from the southern Renaissance? |
| Printing Press; it made printing out books easier, education grew, books cheaper, print out bible in the vernacular | 111. What did Gutenberg invent? Why was it important? |
| Song China | 112. Who was first to develop movable type? |
| It had problems with bishops being temporal/spiritual rulers, the selling of indulgences,.... | 113. What were some of the problems faced by the Church in the later Middle Ages/early Renaissance? |
| He nailed 95 theses to the church at Wittenburg | 114. How did Martin Luther respond to these abuses? |
| Faith alone could save you, that indulgences were bad (buying way into heaven), misconduct of priests and bishops, baptism and eucharist, church teachings should be from the Bible, equal in faith, priests shouldn't interpret bible, | 115. What were the basic beliefs of Martin Luther? |
| It denied Martin Luther, church interprets bible, and faith alone doesn't save you need good works | 116. How did the Council of Trent address the problems raised by Martin Luther? |
| The princes liked his religious views and rebelled against Charles V and his catholicism | 117. What impact did Martin Luther have on the HRE? |
| He believed in predestination | 118. How did John Calvin's beliefs differ from Luther's? |
| Huguenot | 119. What term is used for French supporters of Calvin? |
| Presbyterians | 120. Who brought Calvinism to Scotland? What was it called there? |
| Saint Francis de Sales | 121. What bishop of Geneva challenged the beliefs of Calvin (and the other Protestant leaders)? |
| It was the document that Charles V signed allowing each of the German Princes to chose the religion of his land | 122. What was the Peace of Augsburg? Why was it important? |
| Charles V, 1555 | 123. Who signed it? When? |
| 1453, Mehmed II, it was the complete end of the (eastern) Roman Empire | 124. When was the fall of Constantinople? Who was the conqueror? Why was it significant? |
| It is good for society, good for the economy, and helps control any rebellions | 125. Why did Shah Abbas and Suleyman adopt policies of religious tolerance? |
| An elite force of 30,000 soldiers, trained to be loyal only to the Sultan | 127. What is a janissary? |
| Shah Jahan; a tomb for his favorite wife | 130. Who ordered the construction of the Taj Mahal? For what purpose? |
| Beauty has its price, because his people starved and suffered from the taxes he imposed and there was a famine | 131. Is it a good thing or a bad thing that it was created? |
| Italy | 132. What European nation profited most from trade with the East in the years immediately following the Crusades? |
| Dutch, France, Italy, England; Indian | 133. Which nations competed for control of the spice trade? On what ocean was it centered? |
| Refused to Kow Tow, didn't respect, religion, people, or government | 134. What did the British do to alienate the Chinese Ming rulers? |
| They kow towed, they respected their culture | 135. How did the Dutch gain favor with eastern monarchs? |
| The were at first open to it but, then realized that | 136. How did the Ming attitude towards trade change over time? |
| It was the line set in the America's for Spain (west) and Portugal (east); the pope; 1494 it was moved to the west and increased Portugal's land by about five but shows the ignorance | 137. What was the Line of Demarcation? Who established it? When and how was it changed? |
| It is private enterprise; when the government doesn't control the businesses | 138. What is capitalism? |
| Belief that a nation's wealth is determined by the amount of gold and silver it has Way to get this gold and silver was to export more than you imported (i.e., favorable balance of trade) not government private companies | 139. What is mercantilism? How would a belief in that theory affect a ruler's foreign policy? |
| Colonies existed only for benefit of mother country Functioned as source of raw materials to be sent to keep factories in mother country humming Functioned as market for finished products made in mother country (even if colony had provided raw materials and could have produced the item more cheaply on its own) | 140. What role did colonies play in a mercantilist society? |
| Furs | 141. What was the major product sought by the French in the New World? |
| God, Gold, Glory | 142. What phrase describes the Spanish approach to colonization? |
| Spanish didn't really settle but, in mexico; Louisiana, Quebec, St. Louis,; English – Jamestown | 143. What area was settled by the Spanish? The French? The Dutch? The English? |
| English | 144. Who chased the Dutch out of their region? |
| Completed unification of Japan Moved capital to Edo 1603 (became Tokyo) Held families of daimyos as hostages Imposed rule of law (his law) | 145. How did Tokugawa Ieyasu change life in feudal Japan? |
| At first he was open but, then closed the state into isolation because | 146. Describe Tokugawa's relationship with the Christian missionaries. |
| A series of shoguns | 147. What was a shogunate? |
| Kabuki and Haiku | 148. What types of poetry and theatre emerged in Japan at this time? |
| 1492- Ferdinand and Isabella | 1. Which rulers helped Spain emerge as the first modern European power? When? |
| HRE & Spain, he was the related to Ferdinand and Isabella 155 | 2. What area did Charles V rule? Why? When? |
| Was constantly fighting with princes and defending pope | 3. What conflicts did Charles V face? |
| He split it between his son Philip (Spain) and brother Ferdinand (Austria) | 4. What happened to his diverse empire? |
| The colonies and the Aztec's gold | 5. What provided Philip II with immense wealth? |
| OMG SPANISH CATHOLIC! | 6. What was Philip's attitude towards Catholicism? Why? |
| High- battle of Lapanto Low- Spanish Armada | 7. What were the highlights and "lowlights" of the reign of Philip II? |
| Queen Elizabeth I | 8. Which English monarch was on the throne at the time of the Armada? |
| 1588- the English ships knew the water, had safe ports, smaller faster ships to get through the straight | 9. What brought about the defeat of the Armada? When? |
| During Phillip II, 1588 art, literature | 10. When was Spain's Golden Age? What characterized it? |
| Their economy was failing because of inflation and extensive loans | 11. What weakened Spain's empire? |
| Differences politically, religiously, and economically | 12. Why did the Dutch rebel? |
| The over population, inflation | 13. What brought about the decline of this glorious empire? |
| absolutism IIIII am the state | 9. What was Louis XIV's attitude toward government? |
| he had middle classmen in government positions | 11. How did Louis XIV gain the support of the middle class? |
| he was Louis' economic advisor a mercantilist; he wanted to make France self suffiecient | 13. Who was Colbert and what role did he play in the growth of France under Louis XIV? |
| they flourished his court was the center of Europe's culture | 15. How did the arts fare under Louis XIV? |
| it is the war to be on the spanish throne Louis XIV got his heir on the throne but, he had to sign a paper saying that the thrones would never be united | 16. What was the War of Spanish Succession? How was it resolved? |
| war for the Austrian throne; maria teresa remained on the throne and louis= FAIL | 17. What was the War of Austrian Succession? How did it end? |
| it was the most cultural and powerful country but, it was flat out broke | 18. In what condition did Louis XIV leave France at his death? |
| religious differences and defenestration | 3. What were the causes of the Thirty Years' War? |
| Peace of Westphalia 1648 ends Thirty Years' War 1. Weakened Hapsburg nations (Spain and Austria)2. Strengthened France (got Alsace and Lorraine- productive provinces, minerals and good agriculture)3. German princes were independent of HRE!!!- the end of the HRE6. Recognized Europe as collection of equal and independent states | 5. What treaty finally settled the Thirty Years' War? When? What were the terms of this treaty? |
| the french and indain war, between france and england it was fought on 3 continents | 11. What was the Seven Years War? Why is it sometimes considered the first world war? |
| Michael Romanov 1613 | Whom did the nobles choose to be ruler after the Time of Troubles? |
| western europe | What region did Peter the Great wish to emulate? |
| he visited their (incognito) not so secret | How did Peter find out a lot about western Europe? |
| Made nobles dress in western attire and cut beards; Made social gatherings coed; Encouraged learning and set up schools for navigation and the arts and sciences | Please list at least 3 ways that Peter changed society in Russia. |
| To trade with Western Europe, to increase trade and economy | Why did Peter need and want a "warm water port"? |
| Unsuccesful because it took a long time and St. Petersburg is still frozen about 3 months a year | How successful was Peter in securing a warm water port? |
| St. Petersburg | What city became Peter's "window on the west"? |
| boyar | What is the term for a Russian landholding noble? |
| Absolute power and money | What were the two main points of conflict between the Stuarts and Parliament? |
| Oliver Cromwell | Who led Parliament to victory over the king? |
| Charles I in 1649 | Who is the only English monarch to be beheaded? When? |
| Oliver Cromwell | Who was the Lord Protector? |
| Religious Tolerance/ Education for all | Name one good thing the Lord Protector accomplished? |
| enforced Puritan moralities | Name something the Lord Protector did that you don't like. |
| Charles II | Which Stuart was restored to the throne in 1660? |
| He was so glad to be back and away from france and he was going to listen to Parlaiment sort of | What was his attitude towards being king? |
| James II | Which English king fled back to France rather than fight another civil war? |
| William and Mary 1688 | What rulers did it place on the throne of England? When? |
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