micro terms ch 24
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45 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 chemotherapeutic agents | used to treat infections, diseases, and other disorders such as cancer |
| antimicrobial agents | chemotherapeutic drugs used to treat infectious disease |
| Paul Ehrlich | history of chemotherapy originated with this man; came up with concept of selective toxicity |
| salvarsan | first modern synthetic antimicrobial agent; Hata and Ehrlich; arshphenamine; used against syphilis |
| Alexander Fleming | accidentally discovered penicillium mold; discovered it could kill some gram positive bacteria |
| Florey and Chain | reisolated and purified penicillin for use as an antimicrobial drug |
| synthetic drug | drug synthesized in the pharmaceutical lab; like prontosil and salvarsan |
| antibiotics | drugs derived from the metabolism of living microorganisms; work to kill or inhibit living organisms |
| semisynthetic drugs | drugs partly of laboratory origin and partly of microbial origin; improve the natural product; reduce side effects |
| selective toxicity | says that antimicrobial agent should harm the the infectious agent but not the host |
| toxic dose | concentration of a drug that causes harm to the host |
| therapeutic dose | concentration of a drug that eliminates pathogens in the host |
| chemotherapeutic index | toxic dose divided by therapeutic dose (all per kg body weight) |
| efficacy | ability to produce the necessary or desired result |
| antimicrobial spectrum | range of pathogens to which a certain drug will work |
| sulfonamides | interfere with the DNA synthesis by competing with PABA in making folic acid; eventually kills the bacterial cell |
| Penicillin | inhibits the peptide crosslinking of carbohydrates between peptidoglycan layers during wall formation |
| penicillinase | inactivates penicillin by opening the beta lactam ring |
| cephalosporins | broader spectrum alternative to penicillins; gram positive and gram negative; resistant to many beta lactamases; cefixime |
| monobactams | active against aerobic, gram negative rods; narrow spectrum; low toxicity; used for noscomial diseases and bacterial meningitis |
| carbapenems | broad spectrum; highly resistant to beta lactamases; last resort for many bacterial infections; primaxin |
| vancomycin | kills bacteria in the intestines; inhibits cell wall synthesis but drug of last resort because it can cause damage to ears and kidneys; is resisted by enterococcus |
| bacitracin | polypeptide antibiotic; interferes with transport of cell wall precursors through the cell membrane; toxic internally so used topically |
| neosporin | mix of bacitracin, polymyxin; and neomycin |
| Isoniazid | interferes with mycolic acid in cell wall synthesis of mycobacteria; narrow spectrum; usually combined with rifampin and ethambutol; limited to tuberculosis |
| ethambutol | inhibits mycolic acid from being incorporated into the cell wall in mycobacteria; narrow spectrum; combined with rifampin and isoniazid |
| aminoglycosides | attach to bacterial ribosomes blocking translation of RNA into proteins |
| streptomycin | broad spectrum; used for tb; can cause auditory damage |
| gentamicin | used against gram negative infections of the urinary tract |
| neomycin | intestinal infections; broad spectrum; ointments |
| kanamycin | used in wound tissue |
| chloramphenicol | used against a variety of bacteria and rickettsiae and fungi; interferes with the peptide bond formation; meningitis, cholera, typhoid fever, rocky mountain spotted fever; can cause aplastic anemia or gray syndrome |
| tetracyclines | broad spectrum including chlamydias and rickettsais; destroy intestinal microbiota and cause staining of teeth; bind with calcium; put in animal feed |
| macrolides | used against gram positive; alternative to penicillin; erythromycin blocks protein synthesis by inhibiting chain elongation (ZPAC-azithromycin) |
| clyndamycin | derived from a lincosamide; used against penicillin resistant bacteria; typically kills microbiota causing pseudomembranous colitis |
| streptogramins | alternative for vancomycin resistant bacteria; used against staphylococcus aureus and respiratory pathogens |
| oxazolidinones | effective against gram positive bacteria but is a last resort because it produces allergic reactions and is highly toxic to mitochondria |
| polymyxins | increase membrane permeability of gram negative bacteria; topical use |
| rifampin | interferes with nucleic acid synthesis in RNA synthesis; effective against tb, leprosy, meningitis; causes liver damage; used with Isoniazid and Ethambutol |
| Quinolones and fluoroquinolones | block DNA synthesis in bacteria; broad spectrum; urinary tract infections; ex. ciprofloxacin, nofloxacin |
| antibiotic resistance test | tube dilution method, agar disk diffusion |
| antibiotic inactivation | bacteria may evolve the ability to enzymatically inactivate an antibiotic |
| target modification | bacteria evolve changes in drug targets like ribosomes or enzymes involved in replication |
| active export of antibiotics | bacteria may evolve the ability to prevent drug entry into the cytoplasm or to pump the drug out of the cytoplasm |
| alternate metabolic pathway | resistance to sulfonamides may develop if the bacterial enzyme changes or if the bacteria evolves an alternate metabolic pathway |
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