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why did renaissance begin in the city states of italy it was an important center of trade and it avoided the economic crisis 2 of Michelangelo's most famous work sistine chapel, pieta the advice machiavelli gave to rulers in his book The Prince how to be a good politician where the Northern Renaissance began England 3 beliefs held by Luther that differed from the Catholic Church justification by faith...all believers have equal access to God...scriptures are the source of true doctrine changes the Church made during the Counter Reformation salvation by faith and good works...church tradition is equal to Bible as religious truth...no indulgences..Latin Vulgate has only France of the Bible established seminaries how humanists scholars differed from medieval thinkers humanists focused on secular themes rather than on religious ideas theory rulers used to justify absolutism in Europe divine right 12 year reign reduced power of nobles, sun king louis XIV why Louis XIV is sun king everything revolves him type of government louis XIV implemented in France Absolute monarchy who defeated the spanish armada in 1588 Philip II Philip II believed it was his duty in life to do this during his Spanish reign get rid of Protestants reasons why 30 years war was both religious in nature but also became a larger European war Protectorants were angry the Calvinists weren't in the Peace of Augsburg what Henry IV had to do to become king become Catholic symbolized wealth and opulence of Louis XIV's reign palace of Versailles who did emigres hope would stop the revolution in France foreign monarchs 3 reasons France was in financial crisis just prior to the Revolution foreign wars..support of American Revolution..extravigant spending of Louis XIV why louis XVI left Versailles and go to paris in 1789 he went to see how bad it was...women marched there to demand bread major European country Napoleon Bonaparte failed to conquer England battle that eliminated the prospect of a French invasion of Great Britain Battle of Trafalgar what Napoleon's invasion of Russia was considered a military disaster why was napoleon determinded to invade Russia in the first place? russia broke the Continental System and wanted to trade Russia what was Napoleon's return to France after his first defeat known as Hundred Days delegates from the third estate created their own government body known as the national assembly groups in France that made up the 3rd estate peasants and artisans, bourgeorise, city workers or sans culottes the 2 bodies of water the Suez canal connected mediterranean and red seas who colonized the region known as Congo King Leopold II had its own government but its policies were guided by a foreign power protectorate regions of a country in which the iperial power had exclusive investment or trading rights sphere of influence what Kipling meant by "The White Man's Burden" European's sense of superiority territories that became part of the British created Union of South Africa transvaal..orange free state..cape colony..natal country that colonized Rwanda using the "divide and rule" strategy Belgium draft to repel foreign invasion conscription Schlieffen called for a quick defeat of what? followed by an offensive against? France, Russia what declaration of war on July 28, 1914 marked the beginning of World War I Austria Hungary decalre war on Serbia Edict of Nates gave Houganates religious freedom what country's neutrality did Germany ignore at the onset of WWI Belgium balkan wars on 1912-13 ended with Serbia's unhappiness over what? austria hungary annexed Boesnia and Hertegovina why did the Allies implement the use of a convoy system to counter the unrestricted submarine warfare when Henry VIII made himself incharge of the Church to get a divorce...what bond did this break act of supremecy...in the church issued by the Church that reduced or cancelled punishment indulgences who and why did erasmus criticize in the praise of folly papacy, popes..for being too political capital city of spain during the reign of Philip II madrid seen as a threat to france, radical, keep religious freedom Huguenots dutch farmers settled in cape of good hope, calvin protestants boers dutch left cape colony to leave behind British control and moved inland or northward to establish 2 independent boer states great trek how britain first established influence in egypt took control of suez canal, established protectorate, boxtrot