Phonetics Ch. 2
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Created by:
ehsen611 Plus on February 8, 2012
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26 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 grapheme | a printed letter used in the representation of an allograph |
| phonetic alphabet | an alphabet that contains a separate letter for each individual sound in a language |
| allograph | -differing letter sequences or patterns that represent the same sound - all digraphs are these, but not all of those are digraphs ex) oo in moon (also a digraph) ex) s in was, because of its place in the word it makes a z sound |
| digraph | -pair (2) of letters that represent one sound; the letters may be the same or different ex) ss in tissue sh in shoe ea in steak |
| morpheme | -the smallest unit of LANGUAGE capable of carrying meaning ex) walk because it a single unit with its own meaning |
| free morpheme | -a morpheme that can stand alone yet still carry meaning ex) walk because its a single unit with its own meaning |
| bound morpheme | -a morpheme that must be linked to another morpheme in order to convey meaning ex) -ed in walked because -ed changes the meaning to past tense but CANNOT exist on its own and needs "walk" |
| phoneme | -smallest unit of SPEECH capable of carrying a meaning -is capable of changing the meaning -individual sounds in a word ex) "like" has 4 graphemes but /l aɪ k/ is 3 sounds = 3 (term) |
| minimal contrast pairs | a pair of words that vary by only one phoneme ex) book and cook, bear and hair |
| allophone | - different ways to pronounce a letter -variant production of a phoneme ex) /ɫ/ or /l/ |
| complementary distribution | allophone production that is tied to a particular phonetic environment ex) spit and pit, you feel more air with pit than spit |
| free variation | refers to allophone production that is not tied to a particular phonetic environment ex)hit you can emphasize the "T" or not |
| syllable | a basic unit of speech production and perception generally consisting of a segment of greatest acoustic energy (a peak, usually a vowel) and segments of lesser energy (troughs, usually consonants); a unit of speech consisting of an onset and/or a rhyme |
| onset | all consonants preceding a vowel in any syllable; not all syllables contain one |
| consonant cluster | two or three contiguous consonants in a syllable |
| nucleus | the part of a syllable with the greatest acoustic energy; usually, but not always, a vowel |
| coda | the consonants that follow a vowel in any syllable; not all syllables have one |
| syllabic consonant | a consonant that serves as the nucleus of a syllable |
| open syllable | a syllable with a vowel phoneme in the final position |
| closed syllable | a syllable with a consonant phoneme in the final position |
| word stress/lexical stress | the production of a syllable with increased force or muscular energy, resulting in a syllable that is perceived as being louder, longer in duration, and higher in pitch; also known as word accent |
| word class | also known as "part of speech" ex) noun, verb, adjective |
| systematic phonemic transcription | phonemic transcription of an individual, used when the rules of the language are known; variant phoneme (i.e., allophone) production is not recorded; also referred to as broad transcription or phonemic transcription |
| systematic narrow transcription | allophonic transcription of an individual, used when the rules of the language are known; also referred to as narrow transcription or allophonic transcription |
| diacritic | a specialized phonetic symbol used in both systematic and impressionistic transcription to represent both allophone production as well as suprasegmental features of speech |
| impressionistic transcription | allophonic transcription of an unknown speaker or an unknown language |
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