Forensic Anthropology_Quiz1
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44 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Anthropology Subfields | Archaeology; Linguistics; Physical Anthropology; Cultural Anthropology |
| Physical Anthropology Specialty Areas | Human Evolution, Human Paleontology; Paleoanthropology; Bioarchaeology; Paleopathology; Forensic Anthropology; Molecular Anthropology; Genetics Human Variation; Physical Anthropology |
| Historical Periods of Forensic Anthropology | Formative Period (1800s-1938); Consolidation Period (1939-1971); Modern Period (1972 TO PRESENT) |
| Main Objectives of Forensic Anthropologist | .1. Locate and recover buried or surface remains in a manner that all relevant evidence is collected .2. Determine postmortem interval .3. Identify the nature of any trauma and the causative agent .4. Determine age at death, sex, and ancestry .5. Provide information useful in obtaining a positive identification of the deceased person |
| Forensic Science | Those fields of study in medicine and jurisprudence that deal with legal issues, both civil and criminal .Generally studies skeletons of deceased persons (decedents) that the medicolegal community has defined as requiring investigation .Died within the last 50 years .Soft tissue has mostly, if not completely, degenerated .Also work with mass disasters .War crimes .Also may help with historical cases, such as that of Francisco Pizarro |
| Forensic Anthropology | .One of the forensic sciences .field of study that field of study that deals with the analysis of human skeletal remains recovered from a modern context. .Often resulting from unexplained deaths deals with identification of persons from their skeletons .Provide law enforcement with a demographic profile of the decedent that can then be checked against missing person's files |
| Medical Examiner | licensed physicians who have specialized in forensic work, perform their duties on 'fresh' bodies |
| Coroner | elected officials -may or may not have medical training, perform their duties on 'fresh' bodies |
| Parkman Murder | 1849 .Dr. George Parkman was killed .Oliver Wendell Holmes I and Jeffries Wyman were asked to investigate .Professors of anatomy at Harvard University .Parkman purportedly killed by Harvard University chemistry professor John W. Webster .Webster borrowed money from Parkman, but rather than repay the debt, killed Parkman, dismembered his body, placed the pieces in his anatomy lab and privy and burned the head in a furnace .Holmes and Wyman were able to reassemble the body, determine it was male, 5'10 ½" tall, and between 50-60 years old at death -this was all consistent with Parkman .Issue here was the identification of the body and that helped convict Webster |
| Leutgert Sausage murder | 1897: Adolph Leutgertwas accused of killing his wife and placing her body in a vat of potash located in his sausage factory .Body dissolved leaving only four small pieces of bone and a ring belonging to Mrs. Leutgert .The four bone fragments were so small they could fit on a present-day quarter .Anthropologist George A. Dorsey was called to determine if the bones could be identified. Dorsey was able to prove the four fragments were from a human hand, foot, and rib .The issue here was the identification of the bones as human |
| Data Gathering Methods | .Anthroposcopy .Visual inspection of the body .Can be aided by x-rays and other tools .Anthropometrics .Osteometry-measurement of the bones .Chemical methods .Analyzing chemical makeup of certain structures of the skeleton .Histology .Study of the microstructure of bone and teeth |
| Data Analysis Methods | .Decision table .Presents information in a way that helps researcher to judge its importance and arrive at a conclusion .Range chart .Presents visually multiple ranges of estimates such as age ranges so that a central tendency can be determined .Indexes .Allows for a comparison of the shape of a structure between different groups .Discriminantfunction analysis .Calculates a numerical expression of shape, but for more than two measurements .Regression .A method by which the value of one characteristic can be determined from the values of other characteristics |
| Hamann-Todd Collection | T. Wingate Todd -a physician in Cleveland, Ohio started what became known as the ? of human skeletal remains and non-human primate skeletons .Acquired the bones of approximately 2600 people -demographics (age, sex, ancestry, stature) known for many of these -now at Case Western Reserve University |
| Terry Collection | Robert J. Terry and his successor Mildred Trotter collected remains from St. Louis Missouri .1636 human skeletons compiled from dissecting-room cadavers -now at the Smithsonian |
| CILHI (JPAC-CIL) | Central Identification Laboratory in Hawaii : Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command-Central Identification Laboratory 1940s and 1950s .Charles Snow -first director .Identifies war dead -still active and still recovering remains from Vietnam and other locations .Mildred Trotter took over after Snow |
| Thomas Dwight | (1843-1911) .Father of Forensic Anthropology in the US .First to write articles and essays as well as give lectures on human skeletal identification .Researched methods of determining age, height, sex from sternum, and estimating stature from bones of the arms and legs .Other studies as well |
| Formative Period | 1800S -1938 Parkman murder of 1849 LeutgertSausage case of 1897 Bone Collections: Humann-Todd and Terry Harris H. Wilder and Bert Wentworth published a book (fingerprint analysis) Paul Stevenson wrote two articles After formative beginnings, there was a period when there were few writings and no sensational cases |
| Bert Wentworth and Harris Wilder | published a book outlining the aspects of human identification from dermatoglyphics(fingerprint analysis) and reproduction of the face from the skull. |
| Paul Stevenson | wrote two articles on human skeletal identification |
| Wilton Krogman | 1939 -published Guide to the Identification of Human Skeletal Material; Written for the FBI; Summarized what was known about human skeletons at the time .In 1962 expanded this into The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine |
| Charles Snow | first director of CILHI (JPAC-CIL) |
| T. Dale Stewart | very influential in forensic anthropology Using Korean War dead, Thomas McKern and ? studied age changes in male skeletons -landmark study |
| Clyde Collins Snow | ? and Ellis R. Kerley were the reason the Physical Anthropology section in the American Academy of Forensic Sciences was founded *codified a protocol for gathering information when confronted with decomposed bodies or skeletal remains |
| Cause of Death | .Usually not determined by forensic anthropologist .Cause of death a legal term -more complex than simply 'gunshot wound' .Would be something like exsanguination (bleeding to death) due to a gunshot wound .So the actual cause of death would be bleeding to death, not the gunshot wound |
| Manner of Death | .This can be determined by a forensic anthropologist .Homicide .Suicide .Natural causes .Accidental .Unknown |
| Excavation Techniques | photograph area; examine bioturbation zone carefully and completely for evidence; skim dirt from surface going down in 10 cm until a grave is discerned and outlined; excavate straitgraphically withing the grave in 1 cm levels to perserve evidence; map and photograph all evidence; leave body inlayed/pedestaled until all dirt removed and screened; everythin is bagged and tagged in accordance with chain of evidence preservation procedures. |
| Triangulation | establish grid area; mark datum point (southwest corner); measure two points then use the formula=a2+b2=c2 to establish third and fourth points; map x,y,z |
| Grave Location Techniques | Magnetometer; GPR; Electrical Resistivity; Cadaver dogs; visual assessment; Site Survey; |
| GPR | Ground-Penetrating Radar; uses electromagnetic radiation to detect subsurface structures; A method of subsurface detection in which short radio pulses are sent through the soil, such that the echoes reflect back significant changes in soil conditions. |
| Cadaver Dog | ... |
| Snow's Code | .Series of questions .1. Are the remains human? .2. Do they represent a single individual or the commingled remains of several individuals? .3. When did death occur? .4. How old was the decedent? .5. What was the decedent's sex? .6. What was the decedent's race? .7. What was the decedent's stature?, body weight?, physique? .8. Does the skeleton exhibit any significant anatomical anomalies -disease, injury or other which might help in identification? .9. What was the cause of death? .10. What was the manner of death? |
| Forensic botanists | Study plant remains in relation to crime scenes |
| Forensic entomologists | Study insects on human remains -help determine time since death |
| Forensic odontologists | Dentists who specialize in identifying persons from their dentition |
| Forensic archaeology | specialists use archaeological methods to locate and retrieve human skeletal material while at the same time following rules of evidence established by law enforcement agencies |
| Forensic pathologists | medical doctors that perform autopsies for the purpose of determining cause and manner of deathperform their duties on 'fresh' bodies |
| Medical examiners and coroners | Legal responsibility to certify the deaths of people dying when not under the care of a physician |
| 'fresh' bodies | Bodies that are visually recognizable and whose soft tissue can be used to determine matters relevant to their death |
| Medicolegal Community | medical investigators, coroners, etc. |
| Modern Period | 1972 TO PRESENT .Begins when the Physical Anthropology section in the American Academy of Forensic Sciences meets for the first time .Founding of this section because of Ellis R. Kerley and Clyde Collins Snow .Currently has 300 members |
| American Board of Forensic Anthropology | created in 1977 to ensure the competence of persons practicing forensic anthropology in the US, Canada and their territories .Currently composed of 62 diplomates |
| Modern Advances | Founding of the Forensic Anthropology Data Bank at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville .Computer database of information on modern skeletons .Continues working today |
| Consolidation Period | 1939 TO 1971 .Wilton Marion Krogman .1939 -published Guide to the Identification of Human Skeletal Material .Marks the end of the Formative Period .Written for the FBI .Summarized what was known about human skeletons at the time .In 1962 expanded this into The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine 1940s and 1950s CILHI established Charles Snow -first director T. Dale Stewart very influential in forensic anthropology |
| Francisco Pizarro | ... |
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