General Biology II Exam 2 Dillman
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133 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 spongy mesophyll | layer of the leaf that is responsible for gas and water exchange |
| palisade mesophyll | layer of the leaf that carries out most of the photosynthesis, cells are filled with chloroplast, |
| rhizomes | underground horizontal stems ferns, grasses and iris |
| stolons | above ground horizontal stems, also called runners, ex. Strawberries and spider plants |
| endodermis | inner layer in root that regulates water uptake into the vascular cylinder, lined with casparian strips |
| apical meristem | found at the tips of the roots and stem, increase length of the plant |
| trichomes | epidermal hairs besides on the roots, protect and conserve moisture |
| root hairs | on roots, increase surface area for absorption, single cell extension |
| monocots | flower parts in 3's parallel leaf veins, fibrous roots, most herbaceous, ex. Onion and corn |
| dicots | flower parts in 4's and 5's net leaf veins, taproot, herbaceous and woody, ex. Roses, and beans |
| receptacle | Where all of the flower parts are attached is called the |
| periderm | another name for bark, made up of cork cells and cork cambium, protects from invaders and water loss |
| ovary | develops into the fruit, contains the eggs |
| Cotyledon (endosperm in monocots) | Part of the seed that stores the food for the dicot embryo |
| stigma | sticky or hooked covered tip of the pistil, captures pollen grains |
| node | where a leaf is attached to the stem, |
| sepals | green leaf-like structures outside the buds, protect the bud |
| perennial | have vegetative parts that live from year to year, ex. Roses |
| annual | produces seeds in one season, ex. Pansy, peas |
| Phylum Hepatophyta | nonvascular, sperm swims to egg, flat lobed body, no true roots stems or leaves, body a thallus, gemmae, archegonia antheridia, gametophyte dominant, Marchantia |
| Phylum Pterophyta | vascular, seedless, leaf a frond, separate gametophyte or prothallus, need water for sperm to swim to egg |
| Phylum Coniferophyta | Vascular, pollen, seed exposed in a cone, needle leaves, evergreen |
| Phylum Bryophyta | nonvascular, do not have true roots, stems and leaves, no pollen, sperm swims to eggs, less than 8 inches tall, archegonia, antheridia, gametophyte dominant, Mnium |
| Parenchyma | Thin walls, large vacuoles, can storage and transport lateral, also can do photosynthesis |
| Phylum Anthophyta | Vascular, pollen, seed enclosed in an ovary, has flowers |
| Sclerenchyma | Even thick walls, dead at maturity, function support and protection |
| periderm | Made up of cork and cork cambium in woody plants, provides protection from invaders and water loss |
| Vascular cambium | Produces secondary xylem to the inside and phloem to the outside in woody plants |
| protoderm | Primary tissue that gives rise to epidermis |
| Cork | Thick walls filled with suberin, found in bark, dead at maturity |
| apical meristem | Produces the primary tissue found at the tips |
| Xylem | Transports water and minerals up the plant, cells dead at maturity vessels and tracheid |
| Phloem | Sieve tube elements and companion cells transport dissolved food, alive at maturity |
| Spores | Light weight reproductive cells produced by meiosis or mitosis |
| Collenchyma | Unevenly thickened walls alive at maturity found under epidermis, provides support |
| Septate | Cross walls formed in some of the hyphae |
| conidia | Aerial hyphae that produce spores |
| Mycelium | Collection of hyphae, usually underground |
| Hyphae | Long thin filaments that make up a fungus |
| Mycorrhizae | A mutualistic relationship between a fungus that grows around or in the roots of a tree |
| Zygomycota | Phylum for Rhizopus, Black Bread Mold |
| Fruiting Body | Reproductive structure, usually above ground |
| Lichen | A mutualistic relationship between a cup Fungus and cyanobacteria |
| Zygosporangium | Formed after 2 hyphae fuse, is a2N structure that produces spores |
| Yeasts | Single celled fungi, reproduce by budding |
| Gills | Where are spores produced on a Mushroom, main visible part |
| Basidium | Club-shaped found on mushroom gills produces spores |
| Ascospores | Spores produced in a sac are called: |
| Phylum Basidiomycota | Phylum for: Bird=s nest fungus, puffballs, mushrooms and shelf fungi |
| Phylum Ascomycota | Phylum for: Yeast, Red bread mold, Morels, Truffles |
| Ascus | Sac like structure that produces 8 spores by meiosis |
| Sink | Where sugar is unloaded or stored such as the roots or used such as the leaves |
| Source | Where sugar is made such as the leaves or stored such as in the roots |
| Pressure-flow theory | Explains how food moves through the phloem, at the source the sugar is actively transported into the sieve tube elements, water follows by osmosis creating a pressure, sugar unloaded at the sink |
| Cohesion-tension theory | Explains how water is pulled up through the stem by transpiration and the attraction of water to itself and the sides of the xylem tubes |
| Sedimentary | Parent Material brought in by glaciers, wind and water |
| Igneous | Parent material volcanic in origin |
| C Horizon | Parent material found here, may be igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic |
| B Horizon | Subsoil and leaching zone, not as much living material here |
| A Horizon | Topsoil layer, lots of organic material and humus here |
| Micronutrients | Found in trace amounts in plants, copper, zinc, chlorine |
| Macronutrients | Found in quantities large enough to be detected, ex. Nitrogen, Potassium, Phosphorus |
| Woody | Means it produces secondary xylem and phloem from the vascular cambium |
| Herbaceous | Means non-woody, covered with epidermis ex. grass, wildflowers and carrots |
| Taproot | Long main root, typical of dicot plants like carrots |
| Root Nodules | Nitrogen-fixing bacteria that are found in the roots of some plants like legumes For ex. peas, beans, clover and bluebonnets |
| Fibrous roots | Numerous slender roots common to monocot plants, like corn and grass |
| Pericycle | Layer of the root found under the endodermis, produces lateral or branch roots |
| Suberin | Chemical in the walls of cork cells and the endodermis, helps waterproof |
| Lignin | Chemical that makes xylem walls hard To provide support and protection |
| Cork cambium | Layer in the periderm that produces cork cells for protection |
| Deciduous | When a plant loses its leaves seasonally, all at once, typically in the fall ex. red buds, maple trees |
| Evergreen | When a plant retains its leaves year round, loses a few at a time, ex. pines and live oak |
| Vegetable | Edible parts of the plant, except the ovary, such as roots, stems and leaves |
| Fruit | Anything that develops from the ovary and may contain seeds, ex. tomato, peas, cucumbers |
| Double Fertilization | When 1 sperm fertilizes the egg forming the zygote and the other sperm fertilizes the 2 polar nuclei making the cotyledon or endosperm |
| anther | Pollen producing sac found at the tip of the stamen |
| stamen | Male reproductive part of the flower, made up of anther and filament |
| gymnosperms | Another name for conifers, cycads and gingkoes |
| angiosperms | Another name for flowering plants |
| Microspore | Cell that divides to become the pollen Made in anther in the flower |
| Rhizoids | Root-like structures in mosses, liverworts and ferns mostly used for anchorage |
| Pollen | Produced from microspores, contain tube and generative nucleus that become 2 sperm |
| Frond | Fern leaves come from unrolling fiddleheads |
| Sori | Spore producing structures on the underside of fern fronds (leaves) |
| Archegonium | Produces the egg in mosses, liverworts and ferns |
| Antheridium | Produces the swimming sperm in mosses, liverworts and ferns |
| Prothallus | Heart-shaped separate gametophyte generation in the ferns |
| Alternation of Generations | Life cycle of the plants when they alternate between sporophyte and gametophyte generations |
| Sporophyte | Generation that is diploid, visible part of the ferns, pines and flowering plants, produces spores by meiosis |
| Megaspore | Formed inside the ovule, divides to make embryo sac with the egg for fertilization |
| Receptacle | Base of the flower where the flower parts are attached |
| Gametophyte | Generation that is haploid, visible part of mosses and liverworts, produce sperm and egg |
| Petals | Found on the outer part of flowers, colored used to attract pollinators |
| Vein | consists of xylem and phloem in the leaf, another name for vascular bundle |
| Whorled | 3 or more leaves at one node |
| Ray | areas of parenchyma that transport sideways in the xylem and phloem |
| Biennial | complete life cycle in 2 growing seasons, ex. carrots |
| Style | Neck of the carpel/pistil, that the pollen tubes grow through to get to the ovules in the ovary |
| Stele | center cylinder of transport tissue in roots and stems |
| Palmate | multiple veins branch out from the base, like in maple trees |
| Amyloplast | starch grains in the root cap help it grow in response to gravity |
| pinnate | when there is one main vein in the leaf and all other veins branch off of it, ex. oak leaf |
| root cap | mass of parenchyma cells surrounding the region of cell division, provides protection and secretes mucilage |
| Maturation | region in the root where the cells become specialized and functional, marked by root hairs |
| Lenticel | area of parenchyma in the bark responsible for gas exchange |
| plumule | embryo stem, in the seed |
| transpiration | "pull" that moves the water up the xylem tubes, happens when the stomata are open, evaporation of water off plant parts |
| radicle | root of the embryo in the seed |
| alternate | arrangement of the leaves on the stem that form a spiral pattern, not attaching across from each other |
| opposite | arrangement of the leaves when they are attached across from each other |
| compound | leaves that have a blade that is divided ex. pecan leaf |
| simple | leaves that have a blade that is not divided ex. maple leaf |
| cork | thick walled cells, filled with suberin, waterproofs cells to make up the bark |
| terminal | bud at the tip of a stem, produces growth in length |
| maturation | zone in root where cells become functional and specialized |
| pith | center section of a monocot root or dicot stem, filled with parenchyma tissue |
| elongation | zone in root where cells get longer |
| root cap | made up of parenchyma cells cupped around the apical meristem of the root and protects the newly formed tissues and secretes mucilage |
| Pericycle | layer in the root responsible for production of lateral or branch roots |
| Cortex | layer underneath the epidermis made up of parenchyma cells, functions in storage and lateral transport |
| Trichomes | epidermal hairs, used for protection, absorption and to prevent water loss |
| Guard cells | open and close in response to water and gas concentrations, light and temperature |
| Cuticle | thick waxy covering on the surface of plant parts like leaves and stems, prevents water loss |
| Stomata | pores or openings in the leaf that regulate transpiration and gas exchange |
| Sclereids | known as stone cells, even thick walls found around seeds |
| fibers | long narrow cells, even thick walls dead at maturity type of sclerenchyma |
| Node | where the leaf is attached to the stem |
| Axillary | bud found at the angle where the leaf attaches to the stem, becomes next year's flowers or branches |
| Blade | flat part of the leaf, carries out photosynthesis |
| Petiole | stem of the leaf, attaches the leaf to the stem |
| ground | meristem, primary tissue that produces parenchyma cells, or cortex and pith |
| Procambium | primary tissue that gives rise to primary xylem and phloem |
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