history-SPRING 2009
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139 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 nation-states | regions that share a government, culture, and are independent of other states |
| High Middle Ages | 1000-1300, balance of power started to shift |
| Early Middle Ages | 500-1000 |
| Late Middle Ages | 13000-1500 |
| William the Conqueror | became king of England in 1066, Duke of Normandy, won backing of pope, contributed to growth of royal power, Domesday Book |
| King Edward | died without heir, King of England |
| Battle of Hastings | William and his Norman knights triumphed over Harold/English |
| barons | Norman lords |
| doomsday | god's final day of judgement that no one could escape |
| Henry II | in 1154 became king, broadened the system of royal justice by expanding accepted customs into law |
| common law | legal system based on custom and court rulings |
| royal exchequer | treasury |
| jury | group of men sworn to speak the truth |
| Thomas Becket | the archbishop of Canterbury, close friend of Henry |
| King John | a son of Henry II, cruel, clever, untrustworthy ruler, face other powerful rulers |
| Magna Carta | great charter,bound by law, said no arbitrary arrest and imprisonment, no new taxes without consulting Great council of lords and clergy, and king was subject to laws of land |
| due process of law | clause protecting arbitrary arrest, imprisonment, and other legal actions except by legal judgement of his peers or by the law of the land |
| habeas corpus | the principle that no person can be held in prison without being charged with a specific crime |
| Parliament | GReat Council, includes opinions of the House of Commons/Lords |
| House of Lords | house made up of nobles and high clergy |
| House of Commons | house made up of knights and middle-class citizens |
| power of the purse | the right to approve any new taxes |
| Philip II | king of France, one of King John's enemies, fought battle with John and captured lands in Anjou and Normandy |
| patriarch | highest church officials |
| Constantinople | the capital with wealth at a crossroads of land and sea routes |
| Justinian | the emperor of the Byzantine empire, made a code |
| Justinian's Code | body of civil law in Byzantine empire |
| autocrat | sole ruler with complete authority |
| Theodora | Justinian's wife, shrewd politician |
| icon | holy image |
| Great Schism | split between eastern and western Christianity |
| Balkans | the region above Greece, west of Black Sea |
| Hagia Sophia | Holy Wisdom, church built by Justinian |
| Ottoman Turks | broke through Constantinople, conquered Byazntine empire |
| Dark Ages | period in Europe during decline and when we have little information |
| Franks | a Germanic tribe that conquered Gaul and part of Roman empire |
| missi dominici | officials that check on roads, listen to grievances, and see that justice is done to keep control of provincial rulers |
| Charles Martel | fought in Battle of Tours |
| Charlemagne | became emperor of Rome, helped Pope Leo III, strove to create united Christian Europe |
| Battle of Tours | battle between Christian warriors and the Muslim Frankish warriors, Christain won, Charles Martel fought in it |
| Pope Leo III | asked Charlemagne for help, revived ideal of a united Christian community |
| Christendom | ideal of a united Christian community |
| Clovis | king of the Franks, conquered Gaul, converted to Christianity, established kingdom of the Germanics |
| classical | Greek and Roman |
| Medieval Period | middle, 500-1500, in eastern Rome |
| Middle Ages | in western Rome, 500-1500, traditions blended |
| Magyars | nomadic people who settled in present-day Hungary, overran eastern Europe and moved on to plunder Germany, parts of France, and Italy |
| Vikings | expert sailors, from Scandinavia, broke last thread of immunity in Charlemagne's empire |
| Feudalism | loosely organized system of rule which powerful local lords divided landholdings among lesser lords for loyalty and military service |
| vassals | lesser lords |
| feudal contract | exchange of pledges of feudalism |
| fief | estate given to vassals, included peasants to work land and any buildings on it |
| squires | men of high social standing with land |
| knights | mounted warriors |
| tournaments | mock battles knights engaged in |
| chivalry | knights adopted code of conduct, required them to be brave and fight fairly |
| troubadours | wandering musicians |
| manor | lord's estate |
| serfs | peasants bound to land |
| poached | killed illegally |
| battering ram | big log to smash walls of castle |
| catapult | hurls stones |
| trebuchet | special catapult |
| seige tower | rolled up to castle to step into castle, like ladder |
| moat | water around castle |
| Eleanor of Aquitaine | leading force in European politics for more than 50 years |
| liege lord | lord that you owe most loyalty |
| parish | local region |
| sacraments | the sacred rites of the Church |
| relics | possessions or remains of saints |
| pilgrimages | religious journeys |
| tithe | tax equal to 10% of income |
| cathedrals | larger churches built with new technology, gothic style |
| Gothic style | ornate, buttress form |
| Benedictine Rule | rules to regulate monastic life: obedience to abbot/abbess, poverty, chastity/purity |
| Hildegard of Bingen | A Benedictine abbess who was and artist, musician, theologian |
| scriptorium | room in monastery to write or copy manuscripts |
| bishop | member of Christian clergy (oversees priest) |
| monastery/convent | residence of religious community, one for men and one for women |
| buttress | a support to hold up a building |
| Franciscan Order | an order for friars that preached poverty, humility, love of god |
| Beguines | groups that welcomed poor women who could not be accepted by other religious groups |
| simony | the selling of church offices |
| secular | non-religious, worldly |
| papal supremacy | authority over all secular rulers including knights and emperors |
| canon law | laws of the Church |
| excommunication | don't receive sacraments or Christian burial |
| interdict | an entire town , region, kingdom doesn't receive sacraments or Christian burial |
| friars | monks who don't live in isolated monasteries, travel to spread religion too |
| St. Francis of Assisi | wealthy Italian, developed order of friars, preached Gospels |
| charter | a written document that set out the rights and privileges of the town, granted townspeople the right to choose their own leaders and control their own affairs |
| clause | anyone who lived in a town a year and a day can be free |
| Hanseatic League | an association to protect their trading interests that dominated, took actions against pirates, robbers, and built lighthouse, and traded ships' pilots |
| Flanders | land below England, rich center of trade |
| capital | money for investment |
| partnerships | groups of merchants joined together |
| tenant farmers | peasants who paid rent for their land |
| three-field system | planted one field with grain, one with legumes, one unplanted |
| underwriter | insure merchants shipping, gaurentee payment |
| fallow | unplanted lands |
| middle class | class between nobles and peasants |
| usury | lending money at intrest |
| guilds | merchant and artisan associations |
| apprentice | trainee |
| journeymen | salaried workers |
| Crusades | the wars between the Muslims and Christians or control of the Holy Land (held by Seljuk Turks): Christians ultimately did not succeed but the Crusades spurred increased trade |
| Holy Land | Jerusalem |
| Seljuk Turks | Muslims who had control over much of Asia Minor and Eastern Mediterranean region |
| remission of sins | forgiveness of sins (Pope Urban promised to Crusaders) |
| Saladin | reconquered Jerusalem from Christians |
| Marco Polo | traveled to China ~1271 |
| Reconquista | campaign to get Spain back into Christian hands |
| Moors | Muslims in Spain, lost control of Spain in 1492 |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | King and Queen of Spain who completed the Reconquista and expelled all Muslims and Jews from Spain in 1492 |
| Inquisition | court set up by Church to try heretics |
| Iberian Peninsula | peninsula comprising Spain and Portugal |
| Hundred Years War | conflict between French and English over English ownership of French lands |
| Joan of Arc | led French to victory in battle when 14, tried for being a witch, convicted, burned at the stake--inspiring French to victory in Hundred Years' War |
| atelier | (secular) workshop where illuminated manuscripts were produced |
| border | decorative pattern around the perimeter (or part of the perimeter) of an illumination |
| Book of Hours | medieval prayer-book |
| chrysography | gold (or silver) mixed with glue |
| drollery | an amusing figure |
| foliated | decorated with leaves |
| fully painted | an illumination entirely in color rather than wholly or partly in line or outline |
| illumination | embellishment of a manuscript |
| initial | an enlarged and decorated letter introducing an important section of a text |
| anthropomorphic initial | initial composed wholly or partly of human figures |
| decorated initial | an initial embellished with non-figural designs |
| historiated initial | initial containing an identifiable scene or figures, sometimes relating to the text |
| inhabited initial | initial that contains human or animal figures but not a narrative scene |
| manuscript | book written by hand |
| miniature | an independent illustration that is not part of a border or initial |
| monastic/secular production | produces either religiously or not religiously |
| parchment | writing surface made from sheep or goat skin (vellum is the term used for writing surface made from calf skin) |
| provenance | the history of a book (or work of art) |
| script | the handwriting used in manuscripts |
| bilinear script | script confined between two horizontal lines (uppercase) |
| quadrilinear script | script that extends between four horizontal lines (lowercase) |
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