MSJC A&P 101- Chapter 2
About this set
Created by:
jesslurene on February 9, 2012
Subjects:
anatomy and physiology, chemistry
Description:
These are all of the terms from chapter two of the text all relating to the chemistry of life
Classes:
Log in to favorite or report as inappropriate.
Order by
155 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 The study of molecules that compose living organisms. | Biochemistry |
| Inorganic elements that are extracted from the soil by plants and passed up the food chain to humans and other organisms. | Minerals |
| Any chemical Element that an organism needs very small quantities of to survive. | Trace Elements |
| Part of an atom that has a single positive charge. | Protons |
| Part of an atom that has no charge. | Neutrons |
| Tiny particles with a single negative charge and very low mass. | Electrons |
| The electrons of the outermost shell that determine the chemical bonding properties of an atom. | Valence Electrons |
| Unstable isotopes are called_________. | radioisotopes |
| The process of decay is called________. | Radioactivity |
| When high-energy radiation ejects electrons from atoms and converts them to ions. | Ionizing Radiation |
| _________________destroys molecules and produces dangerous free radicals and ions in human tissues. | Ionizing Radiation |
| Each radioisotope has a characteristic__________. | physical half-life |
| The time required for 50% of its atoms to decay to a more stable state. | Physical Half-life |
| The time required for half of a radioisotope to disappear from the body. | Biological Halflife |
| Charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons. Elements with one to three valence electrons tend to give them up. | Ions |
| The particle that gains electrons and acquires a negative charge is called an___________. | anion |
| The particle that loses electrons and acquires a positive charge (because it then has a surplus of protons) is called a_____________. | cation |
| Salts that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electricity. | Electrolytes |
| Chemical particles with an odd number of electrons. | Free Radicals |
| A chemical that neutralizes free radicals. | Antioxidant |
| Molecules composed of two or more different elements. | Compounds |
| Molecules with identical molecular formulae but different arrangements of their atoms. | Isomers |
| The_____________ of a compound is the sum of the atomic weights of its atoms. | molecular weight |
| Relatively weak attraction between an anion and a cation. Easily disrupted in water, as when salt dissolves. | Ionic Bond |
| Sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between nuclei. | Covalent Bond |
| Sharing of one electron pair. | Single Covalent Bond |
| Sharing of two electron pairs. Often occurs between carbon and oxygen, and between carbon and nitrogen. | Double Covalent Bond |
| Covalent bond in which electrons are equally attracted to both nuclei. May be single or double. Strongest type of chemical bond. | Nonpolar Covalent Bond |
| Covalent bond in which electrons are more attracted to one nucleus than the other, resulting in slightly positive and negative regions in one molecule. May be single or double. | Polar Covalent Bond |
| Weak attraction between polarized molecules or between polarized regions of the same molecule. Important in the three-dimensional folding and coiling of large molecules. Easily disrupted by temperature and pH changes. | Hydrogen Bond |
| Weak, brief attraction due to random disturbances in the electron clouds of adjacent atoms. Weakest of all bonds. | Vanderwalls Force |
| A_____________consists of substances that are physically blended but not chemically combined. | mixture |
| Substances that dissolve in water, such as sugar, are said to be__________. | hydrophilic |
| Substances that do not dissolve in water, such as fats, are said to be_____________. | hydrophobic |
| Solvency, cohesion, adhesion, chemical reactivity, and thermal stability are all set properties of _________which are what enable it to support life. | water |
| The base unit of heat is the____________. | calorie |
| A type of homogenous mixture in which the particles of one or more substances (the solute) are distributed uniformly throughout another substance (the solvent). | solution |
| A substance (usually in lesser amount) dissolved in another substance. | solute |
| A liquid in which substances (or solutes) are dissolved forming a solution. (more present in solution) | solvent |
| What are the most common colloids in the body? | Mixtures of protein and water |
| An aqueous mixture of particles that are too large to pass through most selectively permeable membranes but small enough to remain evenly dispersed through the solvent by the thermal motion of solvent particles; for example, the proteins in blood plasma. | colloid |
| The blood cells in our blood plasma exemplify a __________. | Suspension |
| A suspension of one liquid to another. | Emulsion |
| The number of moles of solute per liter of solution. | Molarity |
| A molecule that releases a proton (H+) in water. | Proton donor |
| An ____________is any proton donor. | acid |
| A__________is a proton acceptor. | base |
| Acidity is expressed in terms of ________, a measure derived from the molarity of H+. | pH |
| A solution with a pH of 7.0 is___________. | neutral |
| Solutions with a pH above 7 are___________. | basic |
| Solutions with a pH below 7 are____________. | acidic |
| Chemical solutions that resist changes in pH. | Buffers |
| The capacity to do work. | Energy |
| The potential energy available in a system to do useful work. | Free Energy |
| A process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken. | Chemical Reaction |
| The course of a chemical reaction is symbolized by a___________________. | chemical equation |
| A reaction in which a large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones. | Decomposition Reaction |
| When two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one. | Synthesis Reaction |
| When two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms. | Exchange Reaction |
| A chemical reaction that takes place in either direction i.e., from the forward or reverse direction; ionization is such a reaction, as are reaction's involving racemases, isomerases, mutases, transferases, etc | Reversible Reaction |
| In the absence of upsetting influences, reversible reactions exist in a state of__________, in which the ratio of products to reactants is stable. | equilibrium |
| A law stating that the intensity of a reaction is dependent on the degree of presence of the reactants responsible for the reaction. | law of mass action |
| Reaction rates increase when the reactants are more____________ and as the temperature rises. | concentrated |
| Substances that temporarily bind to reactants, hold them in a favorable position to react with each other, and may change the shapes of reactants in ways that make them more likely to react. | Catalysts |
| All the chemical reactions in the body. | Metabolism |
| What are the two divisions of metabolism? | Catabolism and anabolism |
| Reactions that break covalent bonds, produce smaller molecules from larger ones, and release energy that can be used for other physiological work. | Catabolic reactions |
| Reactions that require an energy input. | Endergonic |
| Energy releasing reactions are called_________. | Catabolic reactions |
| Consists of energy storing synthesis reactions, such as the production of protein or fat. | Anabolism |
| Any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy. | Oxidation |
| A chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy. | Reduction |
| An______________accepts electrons. | oxidation agent |
| A_______________donates electrons. | reducing agent |
| The series of covalently bonded atoms that together create the continuous chain of the molecule. Contains an amino group, a carboxylic acid group, and a central carbon. | carbon backbone |
| Small clusters of atoms that determine many of the properties of an organic molecule. | functional groups |
| COOH is the symbol of the__________. (amino acids, sugars, proteins) | carboxyl group |
| H2PO4 is the symbol of ___________. ( Nucleic acids, ATP) | phosphate group |
| OH is the symbol of_____________. (sugars, alcohols) | hydroxyl group |
| CH3 is the symbol of_______________. (fats, oils, steroids, amino acids) | methyl group |
| NH2 is the symbol of______________. (Amino acids, proteins) | amino group |
| Most macromolecules are _____________. | polymers |
| A compound made up of several repeating units. | polymer |
| One subunit of an antibody molecule, composed of four polypeptides. (simplest repeating unit of a polymer) | monomer |
| The joining of monomers to form a polymer is called______________. | Polymerization |
| The opposite of dehydration synthesis is ____________. | Hydrolysis |
| All digestion consists of ____________reactions. | hydrolysis |
| Carbohydrates have a ___________ratio of hydrogen to oxygen. | 2:1 |
| Any of the group of organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in the ratio of 1:2:1. | Carbohydrate |
| The simplest carbohydrates are monomers called__________, otherwise known as simple sugars. | monosaccharides |
| Glucose, fructose, and galactose are____________of each other and are simple sugars. | Isomers |
| Sugars composed of two monosaccharides are called__________. | Disaccharides |
| Sucrose, lactose, and maltose are ______________, which are simple sugars. | Disaccharides |
| ______________are long chains of glucose and are classified as a complex carbohydrate (more than two sugars). | Polysaccharides |
| Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are all _______________of interest to human physiology. | polysaccharides |
| An energy-storage polysaccharide made by cells of the liver, muscles, brain, uterus, and vagina. | Glycogen |
| The corresponding energy-storage polysaccharide of plants. It is the only significant digestible polysaccharide in the human diet. | Starch |
| A structural polysaccharide that gives stregnth to the cell walls of plants. It is the principal component of wood, cotton, and paper. | Cellulose |
| Glucose is oxidized to make____________. | ATP |
| Lipid and protein chains that have up to 12 sugars attached to them are____________. | glycolipids and glycoproteins |
| Macromolecules in which the carbohydrate component is dominant and a peptide or protein forms a smaller component. | Proteoglycans |
| A hydrophobic organic molecule, usually composed only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen. | Lipid |
| A chain of usually 4 to 24 carbon atoms with a carboxyl group at one end and a methyl group at the other. | fatty acid |
| An acid that has as much hydrogen as it can carry. | Saturated fat |
| Steroids that aid in fat digestion and nutrient absorbtion. | Bile acids |
| Component of cell membranes; precursor of other steroids. | Cholesterol |
| Chemical messengers between cells | Eicosanoids |
| Involved in a variety of functions including blood clotting, wound healing, vision, and calcium absorption. | Fat soluble vitamins |
| Precursor of triglycerides; source of energy. | fatty acids |
| Major component of cell members; aid in fat digestion. | Phospholipids |
| Chemical messengers between cells. | Steroid hormones |
| Energy storage: thermal insulation; filling space; binding organs together; cushioning organs. | Triglycerides |
| A polymer of amino acids is a___________. | protein |
| Small organic molecules with an amino group and a carboxyl group. The monomers of which proteins are composed. | amino acid |
| Any molecule composed of two or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds. | peptide |
| Formed by dehydration synthesis and joins the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of the next. | Peptide bond |
| Chains of fewer than 10 or 15 amino acids. | Oligopeptides |
| Chains larger that 10 or 15 amino acids. | Polypeptides |
| The proteins sequence of amino acids, which is encoded in the genes happens in the______. | Primary structure |
| A coiled or folded shape held together by hydrogen bonds between the slightly negative C=O group of one peptide bond and the slightly positive N-H group of another one some distance away. (alpha helix/beta sheet forms here) | Secondary structure |
| The most common secondary structures are a springlike shape called the _______________. | alpha helix |
| A pleated ribbon like shape is called the_______. | beta sheet |
| A structure formed by the further bending, coiling, and folding of proteins into various globular and fibrous shapes. | Tertiary |
| The linkage between two sulfur atoms, that forms during the cross-linking of amino acids during protein synthesis. | Disulfide bridges |
| The association of two or more polypeptide chains by noncovalent forces such ionic bonds and hydrophilic-hydrophobic interactions. | Quaternary structure |
| A more drastic conformational change in response to conditions such as extreme heat or pH. | Denaturation |
| A tightly bound nonpolypeptide structure required for the activity of an enzyme or other protein, for example: the haem of haemoglobin. | prosthetic group |
| A tough structural protein that gives stregnth to the nails, hair and skin surface. | Keratin |
| Any hormone or other molecule that reversibly binds to a protein is called a __________. | Ligand |
| Most metabolic pathways of the body are controlled by __________, which are globular proteins that function as___________. | enzymes, catalysts |
| ________________, with their special ability to change shape repeatedly. are the basis for movement in the body. | Proteins |
| A chemical that is acted upon and changed by an enzyme. It is also a chemical used as a source of energy, sch as glucose and fatty acids. | substrate |
| The energy needed to get the reaction started, supplied by the match, is called the _______________. | activation energy |
| A substrate molecule approaches a pocket on the enzyme surface called the _________. | active site |
| When substrate binds to an enzyme, a______________forms. | enzyme-substrate complex |
| The selectivity of an enzyme and its substrate is called_____________. | specificity |
| Composed of two polypeptide chains joined by disulfide bridges. | Insulin |
| About two-thirds of human enzymes require a nonprotein partner called a__________. | cofactor |
| Organic cofactors usually derived from niacin, riboflavin, and other water-soluble vitamins. | Coenzymes |
| The body's most important energy-transfer molecule. | ATP |
| ATP's are enzymes that are specialized to hydrolyze the third high-energy phosphate bond, producing______________. | adenosine diphosphate |
| The addition of a phosphate group to an organic molecule. | phosphorylation |
| Any of various enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from a donor, such as ADP or ATP, to an acceptor. | kinases |
| The first stage in glucose oxidation is the reaction pathway known as_____________(sugar splitting). | glycolysis |
| The major effect of glycolysis is to split the six-carbon glucose molecule into two three-carbon molecules of ____________________. | pyruvate |
| What happens to pyruvic acid depends on whether______________is available. | oxygen |
| If oxygen is not available for the pyruvic acid, it will convert to lactic acid by an inefficient pathway called_____________. | anaerobic fermentation |
| If oxygen is available for pyruvic acid, an efficient pathway called__________. | aerobic respiration |
| A nucleotide that sometimes donates phosphate groups to other molecules to give them energy. | GTP |
| A nucleotide formed by the removal of both the second and third phosphate groups from ATP. | cAMP |
| _________________are polymers of nucleotides. | Nucleic acids |
| The largest nucleic acid is_____________. | DNA |
| ________________constitutes our genes, gives instructions for synthesizing all of the body's proteins, and transfers hereditary information from cell to cell when during meiosis. | DNA |
| _________ is a single-stranded chain of alternating phosphate and ribose units with the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil bonded to the ribose. | RNA |
| A,D,E and K are___________ | fat soluble |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.