Anthropology Exam 1
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82 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society | culture |
| the process by which a child learns his or her culture | enculturation |
| the accumulation of knowledge about experiences and information not perceived directly by the organism, but transmitted to it through symbols | cultural learning |
| something verbal or nonverbal within a particular language or culture that comes to stand for something else | symbol |
| normative descriptions of a culture given by its natives | ideal culture |
| actual behavior as observed by an anthropologists | real culture |
| What are three "levels" of culture? | international, national, subcultures |
| occurs when members of two or more previously distinct cultures interact with each other | direct diffusion |
| occurs when cultural artifacts or practices are transmitted from one culture to another through an intermediate third (or more) culture | indirect diffusion |
| features that are found in every culture | cultural universals |
| features that are common to several, but not all human groups | cultural generalities |
| features that are unique to certain cultural tradition | cultural particularities |
| the exchange of features that results when groups come into continuous, firsthand contact | acculturation |
| a language form that develops by borrowing language elements from two linguistically different populations in order to facilitate communication between the two | pidgin |
| the firsthand personal study of a local cultural setting | ethnography |
| involves the researcher taking part in the activities being observed | participant observation |
| particularly well-informed members of the culture being studied that can provide the ethnographer with some of the most useful or complete information | key cultural consultants |
| intimate and personal collections of a lifetime of experiences from certain members of the community being studied | life histories |
| (native-oriented) approach investigates how natives think, categorize the world, express thoughts, and interpret stimuli | emic |
| (science-oriented) approach emphasizes the categories, interpretations, and features that the anthropologist considers important | etic |
| the use of values, ideals, and mores from one's own culture to judge the behavior of someone from another culture | ethnocentrism |
| asserts that cultural values are arbitrary, and therefore the values of one culture should not be used as standards to evaluate the behavior of persons from outside that culture | cultural relativism |
| the biological characteristics associated with maleness and femaleness | sex |
| the social and cultural characteristics of masculinity and femininity | gender |
| to marked differences in male and female biology besides the primary and secondary sexual features | sexual dimorphism |
| the idea that certain characteristics are inherently distinct as a result of biological factors | biological determinism |
| the process by which individuals take on gender identities, behaviors, and actions | gendering |
| the tasks and activities that a culture assigns to the sexes | gender roles |
| oversimplified but strongly held ideas of the characteristics of men and women | gender stereotypes |
| an unequal distribution of rewards (socially valued resources, power, prestige, and personal freedom) between men and women, reflecting their different positions in social hierarchy | gender stratification |
| What are five modes of production? | foraging, horticulture, pastoralism, agriculture, industrialism and the information age |
| What do women do in foraging societies? | gathering |
| What do men do in foraging societies? | hunting and fishing |
| What are the five stages in horticulture? | clearing, planting, weeding, harvesting, fallowing |
| Reliance on products of domesticated animal herds | pastoralism |
| What do men do in pastoralism societies? | herding |
| What do women do in pastoralism societies? | process the herd's products |
| What do men do in agricultural societies? | plowing |
| What do women do in agricultural societies? | raising children, food processing |
| Strong differentiation between the home and the outside world | domestic-public dichotomy |
| Who were the main producers in horticultural societies? | women |
| Who were the main producers in agricultural societies? | men |
| a person's habitual sexual attractions and activities | sexual orientation |
| refers primarily to social and cultural forms of identification and self-identification | ethnicity |
| based on biological traits | race |
| status into which people enter automatically without choice, usually at birth or through some other universal event in the life cycle | ascribed status |
| status that people acquire through their own actions | achieved status |
| the political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time | colonialism |
| when a minority group adopts the patterns and norms of a more powerful culture, as when a migrant ethnic group conforms itself to its host culture | assimilation |
| a multiethnic nation-state wherein the sub-groups do not assimilate but remain essentially distinct, in (relatively) stable coexistence | plural society |
| the view of cultural diversity in a country as something good and desirable | multiculturalism |
| the devaluation of a given group based upon the assumed characteristics of that group | prejudice |
| disproportionately harmful treatment of a group | discrimination |
| the deliberate elimination of a group through mass murder | genocide |
| Children of mixed unions, no matter what their appearance, are classified the minority group parent | hypodescent |
| the belief that a perceived racial difference is a sufficient reason to value one person less than another | intrinsic racism |
| the view that that world market is now powerful enough to supplant (local and national) political action | globalism |
| What are seven features of globalization? | increasing speed and volume, shrinking space, permeable borders, reflexivity, risk and trust, risk society, inequality |
| argue that we live in an increasingly global world | hyperglobalists |
| argue that globalization has structural consequences and is a driving force in society which influences political, social and economic change | transformationalists |
| argue that globalization is a myth | skeptics |
| What are five agents of cultural globalization? | pop music, TV, cinema, multinational corporations, and tourism |
| What are Appadurai's five "scapes?" | ethnoscapes, technoscapes, financescapes, mediascapes, ideoscapes |
| flows of people, such as tourists and immigrants | ethnoscapes |
| technology that crosses boundaries | technoscapes |
| flows of currency market | financescapes |
| mass media technology and images | mediascapes |
| images, but specifically to the political and ideological aspects | ideoscapes |
| What are the ten flatteners? | Berlin Wall, Netscape, workflow, outsourcing, offshoring, open-sourcing, insourcing, supply-chaining, informing, the steroids |
| software applications, standards, and electronic transmission pipes that connected computers and fiber-optic cable | workflow |
| What is "the steroids?" | wireless access and voip |
| When was Globalization 1.0? | 1492-1800 |
| When was Globalization 2.0? | 1800-2000 |
| When was Globalization 3.0? | 2000-present |
| reflects the mixing of Asian, African, European, and American cultures (two terms) | cultural hybridization or creolization |
| a process of recontextualization and meaning re-attribution: foreign cultural imports are assigned fresh meanings within the receiving culture | hybridization |
| five factors that contribute to the global exchange of ideas and information | Appadurai's scapes |
| consisting of Western industrial democracies characterized by open market economic systems | First World |
| consisting of the military-dominated Soviet Union and the other centrally-planned economies of Eastern Europe | Second World |
| poor in comparison to the first two worlds of development and, in the past, many had been former colonies of First or Second World countries | Third World |
| distinguished from other poor "third world" countries by: the slow, or negative, rate of economic expansion occurring in these countries; their steady level of social deterioration over time; and the generally negative prospects for reversing current social and economic trends without substantial external assistance | Fourth World |
| destruction of a group in terms of their ethnicity | ethnocide |
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