Ch. 8 APHG Political Geography
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theinvisiblegirl88 on February 9, 2012
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Mrs.Ybarra's class.
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32 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Colonialism | Rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate and alien people and place. Although often established and maintained through political structures, colonialism also creates unequal cultural and economic relations. Because of the magnitude and impact of the European colonial project of the last few centuries, the term is generally understood to refer to that particular colonial endeavor |
| Mercantilism | In a general sense, associated with the promotion of commercialism and trade. More specifically, a protectionist policy of European states during the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries that promoted a state's economic position in the contest with other countries. The acquisition of gold and silver and the maintenance of a favorable trade balance (more exports than imports) were central to the policy |
| Imperialism | the creation and/or maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination. |
| League of Nations | was an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. |
| Marshall Plan | was the large-scale American program to aid Europe where the United States gave monetary support to help rebuild European economies after the end of World War II in order to combat the spread of Soviet communism. |
| Supra-nationalism | s a type of multi-national confederation, where negotiated power is delegated to an authority by governments of member states. |
| United Nations | s an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace. |
| European Union | is an economic and political union or confederation of 27 member states which are located primarily in Europe. |
| Unilateralism | World order in which one state is in a position of dominance with allies following rather than joining the political decision-making process. |
| Allocational dispute | involve international boundaries at sea, has to do with water supplies |
| Locational dispute | center on the delimitation and possibly the demarcation of the boundary |
| Operative dispute | involve neighbors who differ over the way their border should function. |
| Definitional dispute | focus on the legal language of the boundary agreement |
| Gerrymandering | is a practice that attempts to establish a political advantage for a particular party or group by manipulating geographic boundaries to create partisan, incumbent-protected districts. |
| Centripetal forces | Forces that bond a country together. |
| Federal | A political-territorial system wherein a central government represents the various entities within a nation-state where they have common interests—defense, foreign affairs, and the like—yet allows these various entities to retain their own identities and to have their own laws, policies, and customs in certain spheres |
| Unitary | characterized by or constituting a form of government in which power is held by one central authority |
| Nation | Legally, a term encompassing all the citizens of a state. Most definitions now tend to refer to a tightly knit group of people possessing bonds of language, ethnicity, religion, and other shared cultural attributes. Such homogeneity actually prevails within very few states |
| State | A politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government and is recognized by a significant portion of the international community. A state has a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and is recognized by other states |
| Nation-state | Theoretically, a recognized member of the modern state system possessing formal sovereignty and occupied by a people who see themselves as a single, united nation. Most nations and states aspire to this form, but it is realized almost nowhere. Nonetheless, in common parlance, nation-state is used as a synonym for country or state |
| Multi-national State | with more than one nation within its borders |
| Multi-state Nation | that stretches across borders and across states |
| Irredentia | s any position advocating annexation of territories administered by another state on the grounds of common ethnicity or prior historical possession, actual or alleged. |
| Sovereignty | A principle of international relations that holds that final authority over social, economic, and political matters should rest with the legitimate rulers of independent states |
| Devolution | The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government |
| Centrifugal forces | forces that drives states apart |
| Friedrich Ratzel's organic theory | a species of political collectivism which maintains that the state transcends individuals within the State in power, right, or priority |
| Mackinder's geopolitical heartland theory | Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland; who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island; who rules the World-Island controls the world |
| Wallerstein World-systems Theory | The world-systems theory stresses that world-systems (and not nation states) should be the basic unit of social analysis |
| Core | Processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology; generate more wealth than periphery processes in the world-economy |
| Periphery | Processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology; and generate less wealth than core processes in the world-economy |
| Semi-periphery | Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring; places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery |
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