Zoology
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Created by:
13kortni43 on February 9, 2012
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Dr. Hays
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121 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What is zoology? | Study of animals |
| How do we approach it? | look at organisms based on evolutionary similarities |
| Convergent Evolution | similar characteristics but not related |
| What is an animal? | Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia |
| Animals Seven Characteristics | -Show Order -Energy Processing -Reproduces -Detect Stimuli -Maintain homeostasis -Growth and Development -Evolves |
| autotrophs | makes it own food |
| heterotrophs | eat autotrophs, energy is passed up levels |
| asexual | mostly cloning or parthenogenesis- female becomes pregnant with no mating and the baby is identical to mother -self-fertilization-hermaphrodites -haplo-diploidy- honey bees single or double sets of DNA |
| sexua | only 2 participants big differences in gamete sizes internal vs. external fertilization important male adaptation |
| hermaphrodites | both parts |
| response to stimuli | eyes, ears, teeth, claws, sensory, lateral lines |
| maintain homeostasis | stable internal balance |
| growth and development | embryo derived from gametes |
| shows order | multicellular |
| Irregular | single cell zygote divides up in an unorganized fashion |
| Incomplete Cleavage: discoidal | eggs with a lot of yolk: telolecithal ex. reptiles and bird everything occurs in the middle |
| Incomplete Cleavage: superficial | nucleus divides exits and divides around nuclei ex. insects blastomeres |
| Complete Holoblastic: radial | compete occurs in things with little yolk: isolecithal directly on top of each other regulative: fate is not determined yet |
| Complete Holoblastic: spiral | twisting, setting in grooves mosaic:fate is already determined |
| Blastula | 1 layer of cells |
| Gastrula | increased number of cell layers |
| Gut cavity forms | -incomplete digestive tract ends -complete tract: endoblastic =2 layers triploblastic =3 layers |
| Schicocoelous Coelomate Plan | Coelom does not touch anything besides mesoderm mesoderm originates in corners |
| Enterocoelous Plan | starts in middle |
| Eucoelomates | gut with true body cavity and three germ layers bilateral all vertebrates |
| Acoelomate | no coelom |
| Pseudocoelomate | no mesoderm around middle contact with mesoderm and endoderm |
| Protostome |  blastopore forms mouth anus comes second |
| Deutorostome | anus forms before mouth |
| Derived simplicity | start was very complex>>less complex |
| key adaptation | a positive change in a population because it improves function |
| organic evolution | historical irreversible change, living or in fossil record |
| Theory | a hypothesis that offers an explanation for a phenomenon |
| perpetual change | organisms have and are changing |
| common descent | all living things can be traced from a common ancestor life evolved once and diverged into different forms |
| multiplication of species | evolution produces new species by splitting old ones |
| gradualism | change over time |
| natural selection | individual's differential traits that assist in survival and reproduction in a best suited environment |
| mutation | ultimate source of variation, DNA sequence changes |
| recombination | sexual reproduction, crossing over, lining up of chromosomes, random fertilization |
| evolution | a change in alleles frequencies over time happens in a population |
| alleles | different versions of the same trait |
| frequency | proportion/percent |
| ndividuals | a single organism |
| different traits | genetic variation |
| gene flow | genes passed from generation to generation the movement of genes from population to population very important step* |
| non random mating | inbreeding |
| genetic drift | allele frequencies change due to random processing |
| microevolution | mutation, gene flow, non random mating, genetic drift, natural selection |
| natural selection | only one responsible for complex traits and adaptations |
| adaptation | improves function and provides selective advantage |
| macroevolution | evolutionary change on a grand scale |
| anagenesis | within a single lineage |
| cladogenesis | splits into two lineages |
| morphological species concept | morphological species concept share similar physical traits... appearance most commonly used used on single organisms....fossils does not tell about gene flow, behavior, or preferences |
| biological species concept | species are interbreeding populations they have the potential to share genes doesn't work for: asexual lineages unless you count it as a separate species can hybridize fossils |
| barriers to gene flow | geological- mountains temporal- times of mating behavioral- color preference |
| basal | more common to ancestor |
| pre-mating barriers | geological temporal ecological behavioral mechanical |
| post-mating barriers | prezygotic- prevent fertilization postzygotic- after the egg is fertilized.... mules |
| taxonomy | the classification, naming organisms and putting them into a hierarchical grouping structure |
| binomial nomenclature | 2 names italics/ underlined species name is never capitalized latinized |
| hierarchy | kingdom phylum class order family genes species |
| systematics | he study of organisms are related to each other through time |
| clade | a group of branches or a branch |
| node | where two lineages meet |
| sister taxa | taxa that are each others closest realatives |
| Monophyletic grouping | contains all the descendant species of a common ancestor |
| paraphyletic grouping | includes the common ancestor, but is missing some of the descendants of the ancestor |
| polyphyletic grouping | combining two unrelated groups into one; usually means a trait has evolved twice |
| symplesiomorphy | shared ancestral character not phylogenetically informative possessed by all taxa we are investigating |
| autapomorphy | unique derived character in a single terminal group distinctive feature for a single taxon example: elephant's trunk |
| synapomorphy | derived characters shared by 2 or more taxon and their common ancestor phylogenetically informative |
| proterozoic era | edicaran 635-542 million years ago fossil embryos multicellularity |
| paleozoic era | 542 mya cambrian explosion 100 phyla almost all extant phyla present |
| silurain | 438 mya jawed fishes invertebrates on land |
| devonian | 408 mya tetrapods on land bony ray finned and lobe finned fishes |
| carboniferous | 306 mya winged insects>> 1st evolution flight Amniotes>> amniotic eggs |
| permia | 286 radiation of reptiles formation of pangea ends with mass extinction |
| meozoic era | triassic age of reptiles 245 mya first mammals first dinosaurs |
| jurassic | 208 dinos rule first birds |
| cretaccous | 144 mass extinction of dinosaurs radiation of mammals |
| KT boundary | all non Aviandinos extinct |
| alvarez impact model | asteroid hits and darkens sun plants die= no food |
| continental drift | pangaea continents together climate change gene flow interrupted |
| cenozoic era | 66 mya mammals and fish diversity continental drift isolating many faunas quaternary 1.7 mya moderm humans extinction of many large mammals |
| Phylum Porifera | most basal metazoans meets characteristics to be animal paraphyletic group share ancestor but not all descendants are included |
| calcareans | most closely related to other species in contrast to other two, calcareous spicules |
| demosponges | siliceous spicules |
| hexactinellidia | siliceous spicules |
| sponge anatomy | mesohyl or mesochyme extracellular matrix fibrous and rigid skeletal elemants basic structure, cell types, and canal systems |
| spongocoel | opening central canal in middle |
| osculum | opening on top |
| ostia | where water enters |
| incurrent canals | comes in through ostia |
| chanocytes | collared cell embedded in mesohyll flagella extends into spongocoel sperm and oocytes can arise consume |
| archaeocytes | can change shape ameboid cell swallow and digest food can differentiate into other cells can produce skeletal and matrix comp. when differentiated can give rise to oocytes |
| pinacocytes | epidermal cells thin, flat cells cover interior and exterior portions of the sponge |
| Asconoid | most simple usually small tube shapes Ocean-Ostia-Spongocoel-Osculumi-Ocean choanocytes line spongocoel |
| Synconoid | Ocean-Ostia-Incurrent canals-Spongocoel-Osculum-ocean travels through incurrent canal so turns and twist in path choanocytes line incurrent canals no filtering in spongocoel but in incurrent canals filtering is more efficient larger than asconoid |
| Leuconoid | most complex and most common usually most successful because it can filter water efficiently Ocean-Ostia-Incurrent Canals-flagellated chambers- excurrent canals-oscula-ocean no true spongocoel water rushes in fast and exits at high velocity pushing nutrients closer approximately 1500 liters of water in and out |
| class calcarea | less than 10 cm origin of metazoans |
| class hexactinellidia | glass sponge, 7.5cm-1m single multinucleated cell |
| class demospongeae | 95% of sponges, all except one are marine |
| gemmules | ball of cells surrounded by tough coating |
| Phylum Placozoa | monospecific phylum- one species, very diverse outer layer of epithelium encloses loose sheet of stellate cells epithelial cells flagellated secretes digestive enzymes on food 98 million base pairs genome genes for complex signaling factors asexual reproduction via budding eggs have been observed> suspected sexual diversity |
| Phylum Cnidaria | radial symmetry mostly sessile and weak swimmers 2 main body types: polyps and medusa incomplete gastrulation diploblastic epidermis: ectoderm gastrodermis: endoderm arboreal end: fixed to substrate |
| statocysts | balance |
| ocelli | photo receptors, "eyes" |
| nerve net | bidirectional |
| epitheliomuscular cells | relate to movement |
| Cnidocytes | play large role in feeding contain stinging organelle called a cnida, most common is a nematocyst triggered by cnidocil under high osmotic pressure when triggered water rushes in and pushes out nematocyst life cycle asexual and sexual gametes released by medusa external fertilization free swimming planula larvae larvae attaches and develops as a polyp polyp can develop specialized parts for feeding and reproduction new medusa can form in 2 ways gonatheca ephyrae |
| anthozoa | flower animals no medusa stage most basal cnidarian lineage includes: sea anenomes octocorillian corals hexacorillian corals |
| octocorillian corals | soft colonial corals endoskeleton gastrovascular cavities connect in tubes inside extensive mesuglea examples sea fans soft corals sea pansys organ pipe coral |
| hexacorillian coral | true or stony corals exoskeleton share gastrovascular cavity that lies over the skeleton symbiotic zooxanthelle (algae) |
| Class Scyphozoa | true jellyfish medusa dominant, polyp reduced or lost umbrella marked with notches in multiples of four covered in nematocysts includes: Aurelia- moon jelly Cassiopiea- upside down jelly Rhizustema Linuche- thimble jellyfish |
| Class Cubozoa | cube jellyfish medusa predominant, polyp stage is unknown cube shaped bell camera like eye with cornea and lens strong swimmers includes 20 species Chironec flecker: Austrian killer cube |
| class staruzoa | used to be within class scyphozoa sessile polyps, no medusa stage usually <5cm limited dispersal includes: Halicly stus |
| Phylum Ctenophora | 8 rows of comblike cilia diploblastic, but htey have something between 2 layers but it is unknown hermaphroditic, cross fertilization real muscle fibers nerve net is more developed and statocysts are used for balance and orientation |
| Class Tentacula | long, feathery contractile tenticles tentacles can be contracted colloblasts- aid in capturing food and eating it |
| Class Nuda | no tentacles steep economic impact due to introduction in black sea in 1980's- wiped out anchovies refract light introduced species |
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