| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Agriculture | the rearing of crops and livestock; farming |
| Natural Resources | naturally occurring materials such as coal, oil, and minerals |
| second industrial revolution | period of rapid growth in machinery in the US in the late 1800s |
| bessemer process | A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities. |
| petroleum | A thick, black , oily liquid from which gasoline is made |
| patents | rights to make/sell inventions, no one can steel your idea |
| innovation | Something new; a new way of doing something |
| industrial | an area whose economy is based upon factories and manufacturing |
| immagration | To enter or settle in a country to which one is not native |
| population | the amount of people that are in a certain area |
| Policy | A plan or course of action, as of a government, political party, or business, intended to influence and determine decisions, actions, and other matters |
| Development | the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful |
| treaty of fort laramie | Treaty that gave native americans control of the central plains |
| reservations | parcels of land set by the federal government for the Native Americans |
| treaty of medicine lodge | a treaty in which most of the Southern plains indians agreed to live on reservations, signed in 1867 |
| buffalo soilders | Black Soilders |
| george armstrong custer | United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876) |
| sitting bull | American Indian chief, he lead the victory of Little Bighorn |
| battle of the little bighorn | (1876) The government ordered all Sioux to leave their territory to put a stop to raids. This broke out into a battle that took place near the Little Bighorn River. |
| massacre at wounded knee | a massacre in 1890 that started when Sioux left the reservation in protest because of the death of Sitting Bull. The US army killed 150 sioux at wounded knee; last major incident in the great plains |
| long walk | a 300-mile walk the Navajo were forced to endure across a desert to a reservation in Bosque Redondo, New Mexico and many Navajo died |
| geronimo | Apache leader who led raids on the Arizona-Mexico border |
| ghost dance | a religious dance of native Americans looking for communication with the dead |
| sarah winnemucca | she the languages of Indians and White people and wrote a book in English to help the Indians and White People live together |
| dawes general allotment act | tried to change tradition of indians. Making land private rather than shared |
| Tariffs | a tax on foreign goods brought into a country |
| Subsides | grants of money |
| hay-herran treaty | the usa payed 10 million dollars plus 25,000 a year ffor a 99-year lease on a strip of land across the isthmus |
| phillippe bunau-varilla | chief engineer of the french canal company |
| hay-bunau-varilla treaty | the canal zone was widened 10 miles |
| panama canal | a ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914) |
| theodore roosevelt | 26th President of the United States |
| roosevelt corollary | Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force |
| dollar diplomacy | diplomacy influenced by economic considerations |
| monroe doctrine | an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers |
| deomcracy | a government in which all citizens took part. |
| diplomacy | subtly skillful handling of a situation |
| william howard taft | 27th President of the United States and later chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1857-1930) |
| washington farewell address | Washington's final statement presented in the form of a newspaper essay, appearing first in the American Daily Advertiser in Philadelphia in September 1796. |
| woodrow wilson | 28th President of the United States |
| Entrepreneurs | Sales person |
| John D. Rockefeller | An American industrialist and philanthropist |
| Corporations | Businesses that sell portions of ownership called stock shares |
| Businesses | Occupations, work, or trades in which a person is engaged |
| industrialist | someone who manages or has significant financial interest in an industrial enterprise |
| mine | excavation in the earth from which ores and minerals are extracted |
| philanthropy | voluntary promotion of human welfare |
| stock | a certificate documenting the shareholder's ownership in the corporation |
| philanthropy | voluntary promotion of human welfare |
| Bussiness leader | A leader in businesses |
| commerce | trade |
| Urbanization | Growth of urban areas or natural land. |
| Immigration | Moving from one country to another. |
| progressives | A group of reformers who worked to solve problems caused by the rapid industrial urban growth of the late 1800s. |
| Muckcrackers | People who wrote about troubling issues like child labor, racial discrimination, slum housing and corruption in business. |
| John Dewey | An important philosopher and a key supporter of early childhood education. |
| Direct primary | Allows voters to choose candidates for public office directly. |
| Seventeenth amendment | Allows americans to vote directly for U.S. senators. |
| Recall | An official before the end of his or her term. |
| Initiative | Allowed voters to propose a new law by collecting signatures on a petition. |
| referendum | Permitted voters to approve or reject a law that had already been proposed or passed by government. |
| Robert M. La Follette | A republican who challenged the power of the party bosses.He favored the direct primary, new state commisions made up of specialists in reform issues and more. |
| Wisconsin Idea | The program aimed to decrease the power of political machines and to make state government more professional. |
| Political machines | Powerful organizations that used both legal and illegal methods to get their candidates elected to public office. |
| Rutherford B. Hayes | A reformer who was known for his honesty. |
| Spoils System | The practice of giving jobs to supporters after a candidate wins an election. |
| Child Labor | Where children work in places/jobs that require labor |
| Laissez-faire | It is a doctrine that states that government generally should not intervene in the marketplace. |
| Corporations | Bussinesses that sell portions of ownership called stock shares. |
| Vertical Integration | Ownership of bussinesses involved in each step of a maufacturing process. |
| Horizontal integration | Owning all bussinesses in a certain field. |
| Trust | A legal arrangement grouping together a number of companies under a single board of directors. |
| Leland Standford | Another imoirtant business leader of the late 1800s. He made a fortune for selling equipment to miners. |
| Monoply | Total ownership of a product or service. |
| Sherman anti-trust act | A law that made it illegal to create monoplies ir trusts that restrained trade. |
| John D. Rockefeller | A successful man in consolidating or combining businesses. |
| social Darwinism | A view of society based on scientist Charles Darwins theory of natural selection. |
| Andrew Carnegie | Born in scotland he came to the U.S. as a poor immigrant. Soon he took a job with a railroad company and slowly rode to the top. |
| Knights of labor | The first national labor union. |
| Mary Harris Jones | An irish immigrant who worked for better conditions for miners. |
| Pullman strike | In may workers started a strike which stopped traffic on many railroad lines until federal courts ordered the workers to return to their jobs. |
| Cultural Diversity | When there are many cultures in one geographic area. |
| Nativism | the policy of protecting the interests of native inhabitants against those of immigrants. |
| isolationism | avoiding involvement in the affairs of other countries |
| William H. Seward | arranged the purchase of Alaska from Russia |
| subsity | bonus payment |
| Liliuokalani | became queen after her brother died |
| consul general | chief diplomat |
| spheres of influence | areas where foreign nations controlled trade and natural resources |
| John Hay | feared that the Chinese would try to take over America |
| Open Door Policy | the idea that all nations should have equal acces to trade in China |
| Boxer Rebellion | Chinese nationalism killed more than 200 people |
| Joseph Pulitzer | was very critical of the Spanish |
| Wlliam Randolph Hearst | Was very critical of the Spanish and the NEW YORK JOURNAL |
| yellow journlism | Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst wrote the _____________ as competition for the NEW YORK JOURNAL |
| Teller Amendment | stated that the United States had no interest in taking control of Cuba |
| Anti-Imperialist League | A group that opposed the treaty and the creation of an American colonial empire |
| Impact | the effect of the cause |
| Populism | The movement to increase farmers' political power and to work for legislation in their interest. |
| Homestead Act | gave government owned property ot small farmers |
| Morrill Act | granted more than 17 million acres of federal land to the states |
| sodbusters | the hard work of breaking up the sod earned Plains farmers this nickname |
| dry farming | a new method of farming that shifted the focus away from water-developed crops such as corn |
| Annie Bidwell | Founder of Chico, CA |
| National Grange | was a social and educational organization for farmers |
| deflation | a decrease in rhe money supply and overall lower prices |
| William Jennings Bryan | A candidate for the Silver movement |
| Populist Party | called for the government to own railroads abd telephone and telegraph systems |
| William McKinley | a presidential candidate that was again the Silver movement |
| Thomas Edison | Inventor of the lightbulb |
| Alexander Graham Bell | Inventor of the telephone |
| Second Industrial Revolution | a period of rapid growth in the U.S. manufacturing in the late 1800's |
| Bessemer process | a way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through meltedd iron to quickly remove impurities |
| patents | exclusve rights to make or sell inventions |
| Henry Ford | the original creator of FORD cars and trucks |
| Wilbur and Oriville Wright | invented the air plane |
| Steel industry | the most important advances of technology happened in the ________________. |
| Iron | was made stonger by adding heat and various metals |
| US Mills | produced 77,000 tons of metal in the year 1870 |
| Railroads being cheaper | Cities, such as Chicago, expandid rapidly due to this |
| Oil | Was used a power source in the industrial evolution |
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