History Winter Final - Terms
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Created by:
penciltowner on February 10, 2012
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35 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Pontiac's Rebellion | Pontiac, Chief of the Ottawas, destroyed most of the English forts in the Ohio Valley Area after failed trade agreements with the British. Led the Covenant Chain, an intertribal alliance to resist colonial settlers, British trading policy, and the terms of military occupation of frontier forts. He realized the colonists are going to push west after the 7 years wars was won. He had been allied with the French. He goes from native village to village, telling them they all need to join together to upraise against colonial settlements and British military posts. After Pontiac's rebellion, British get pissed at colonists because it costs them even more to give the Indians gifts and replace military posts and send in more troops. |
| Albany Plan of Union | Plan by Benajmin Franklin to centralize and unify the handling of defense problems and Native American affairs. Accepted by the delegates at the Albany Congress but rejected by the colonies. |
| Sugar Act | Taxed sugar and other colonial imports to pay for some of Britain's expenses in protecting the colonies. Placed a duty on molasses, sugar, and other products imported from outside the British Empire proposed by Chancellor of the Exchequer George Grenville. Enforced aggressively, unlike the previous more expensive Molasses Act. |
| Stamp Act | Law that directly taxed a variety of items (newpapers, cardsm legal documents). It was the first direct tax (imposed to raise revenue ) every imposed by Parliament. It would be the first time that taxes weren't external (raised in the course of regulating trade with other nations). Trade used to regulated between Britain and the colonies, but now its being taxed internally within the colonies! |
| Stamp Act Congress | James Otis called protest meeting in NYC and in October the Stamp Act Congress met. It consisted of nine colonies and they made a petition to the king and parliament about taxation without representation and said that only their own assemblies could levy taxes for revenue purposes. Factions change, States now have a common enemy. |
| Stamp Act Boycott | Merhchants in different states pledged not to buy anything shipped from England. In many towns they called themselves the "Sons of Liberty" and used violent means, if necessary, to punish merchants violating the boycott. Wrecked mayhem on tax distributors, umpopular officials, governor. |
| Declaratory Act | Stated that Parliament had the right to make any laws that would hold the colonies and British government together. A rejection of the colonies' "taxation without representation". Said the colonies were subordinate unto and dependent upon the Crown. |
| Sons of Liberty | A secret organization first formed in Boston to oppose the stamp tax. Sam Adams spearheaded it. Most members were from the cities laboring class. |
| Townshend Acts | New import taxes on glass, tea, lead, paint, and paper made in Britain. The "made in Britain" part had never happened before. People outraged. Townshed brought in military to make sure the rules were enforced. |
| Boston Massacre | Five civilians were killed in Boston after an altercation between a British captain and his soldiers vs. some civilians. Colonists portray it as a bloody violent massacre. The colonists were throwing snowballs with rocks and ice in them, the soldiers told them to disperse and they wouldn't. |
| Boston Tea Party | Fearing that the British would have a monopoly on more industries than just tea, and protesting the tea taxes, colonists refused to buy tea and a group of colonists, disguised as Indians, boarded the 3 tea ships and dumped the tea into the harbor. |
| Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts) | King's strict laws passed in response to the tea party, so strongly resented they were called the Intolerable Acts. Closed Boston's ports until they could pay for the tea lost (economic security gone), gave the royal governor the right to appoint officials and control town meetings (how to red coats control town meetings? Anything can be deemed a town meeting. Redcoats become invasive, invade privacy), criminals tried in London instead of locally, new quartering act for military in private homes (this drives them CRAZY)... |
| First Continental Congress | Fifty Six delegate came together to meet about keeping trade with England minimal, disobey the rules made after the tea party, operate government separate from royal control, urge colonies to have militias of their own. |
| Second Continental Congress | In Philadelphia at Independence Hall, decisions made in favor of a war on independence. In May of 1775, they chose George Washington to lead the continental army. Decided on an army before they even declared independence! |
| Common Sense | Revolutionary pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 attacking George II, arguing against monarchy, and advancing the patriot cause. First time the King was pin pointed as the cause of the trouble. |
| Declaration of Independence | A formal statement, adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1776, that listed justifications for rebellion and declared the American mainland colonies to the independent of Britain. |
| Northwest Ordinance | Law that established a plan for the admission of new states to the Union. Said 60,000 white males were needed for a territory to apply for admission as a state. They did this in order to raise money to pay back war debts. Also recognized they don't know yet if the new states that arise need to be slave/not. |
| Shays Rebellion | Hundreds of farmers, apparently (accused) led by Daniel Shays, revolted against a Massachusetts government that raised taxes and wouldn't pass stay laws to temporarily suspend creditors rights to foreclose/seize lands. They closed several courts and freed a number of their fellow farmers from debtor's prison. It began to spread to New England so the Massachusstes government sent an army of six hundred to Springfield where they killed four farmers and forced the others to leave t he courthouse. |
| Virginia Plan | Fourteen proposals by the Virginia delegation to the Constitutional Convention for creating a more powerful central government and giving states proportional representation in a bicameral legislature. Madison supported and guided this plan that called for the three branches to replace the Confederations Congress and gave Congress the power to veto laws passed by state legislatures. |
| New Jersey Plan | A proposal submitted by the New Jersey delegation at the Constitutiona Convention for creating a government in which the states would have equal representation in a unicameral legislature. Smaller states supported this because they felt proportional representation was unfair. |
| Great Compromise/Connecticut Plan | Called for bicameral legislature with equal representation for the states in the Senate and proportional representation in the House of Reps. |
| 3/5 Compromise/Slavery Compromise | An agreement to count 3/5s of the states slave population for purposes of determining a states representation in the House of Reps. |
| XYZ | XYZ were French diplomats. A diplomatic incident in which American envoys to France were told by XYZ, the French envoys, that the United States would have to loan France money and bribe government officials as a precondition for negotiation. |
| Quasi War | Diplomatic crisis triggered by the XYZ affair and severing of Treaty. End of treaty of 1778- Ended by US because the two governments that signed it were not in existence anymore. So good relations severed. Leads to Quasi War where fighting occurred between US and France in summer of 1798 thru September of 1800, though neither issued a formal declaration of war. Harassed each other on high seas, but at home in the US it leads to alien and sedition acts. |
| Alien and Sedition Acts | Four acts, Alien act, alien enemies act, naturalization act, and sedition act, passed by congress in 1798 to prevent immigrants from participating in politics and to silence the anti-federalist press. |
| Jefferson's Virginia and Kentucky Resolves | Statements that the Virginia and Kentucky legislation issued in 1798 in response to the Alien and Sedition acts; they asserted the rights of the states to overrule the government. |
| Embargo Act | The French and British make laws saying its ok detain US ships if they need to do so, because US is staying neutral. SO Jefferson passes Embargo Act not allowing trade with France or Britain. Its an economic failure for us, so Jefferson and the anti-federalists lose support among public and is forced to repeal the law (before the next election). But he loses anyways, Madison wins. |
| War of 1812 | a military conflict fought between the forces of the United States of America and those of the British Empire. The Americans declared war in 1812 for several reasons, including trade restrictions due to Britain's ongoing war with France, the impressments of American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy, British support of American Indian tribes against American expansion, and outrage over insults to national honor after humiliations on the high seas. Ended with Treaty of Ghent. Nothing gained or lost, but the US thought we had won. Created feelings of nationalism that ushered in Era of Good Feelings. |
| Tariff of 1816 | The first protective tariff. Purpose to protect Americas fledgling textile industry. Instituted under Madison, also to unify a rapidly growing United States. American manufactures would have domestic market relatively free from British competition, agricultural America could feed towns and cities and supply many of the raw products for factories. Also, at the end of the war, British merchants wanted to flood our economy with superior cheaper goods which would destroy all the new American enterprises built during the war. Government didn't want this, so... tariff! |
| Era of Good Feelings | Period from 1816 to 1823 when the decline of the Federalist Party and the end of the "successful" war of 1812 gave rise to a time of political cooperation. Under James Madison. |
| Missouri Compromise | Law proposed by Henry Clay in 1820 admitting Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state and banning slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36' 30'. |
| Monroe Doctrine | President Monroe's 1823 statement declaring the Americas closed to further European colonization and discouraging European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere. |
| Salutary Neglect | British approach to neglecting the colonies with good will in the 1600s-"beneficial neglect." The colones saw themselves as loyal subjects of the Crown. |
| French and Indian Wars | entire warfare lasts for about seven years, French and Indian wars are a series of wars between the British and the French fighting over new territory/agreements, territory is divided between the two countries and it takes a long time to settle French and Indian Wars: four wars from 1689-1763 (75 years), the last one makes the most significant change because the British gain all the land (1754-1763), only fought about half the time, about 30 years of actual warfare, |
| Peace of Paris | French are forced out, in this treaty the British demand all of the French land from Canada and the United States, the British dictate this treaty and are able to give land to the Spanish but force the French out of the land, Spain is allowed to come up and claim land |
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