Biology Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
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shizukohankins on February 10, 2012
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73 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules have carbons that bond to other element | distinguish living matter from inanimate material |
| organic chemistry | study of carbon compounds |
| vitalism | the belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemical laws. |
| Friedrich Wohler | was able to make organic compounds from inorganic substances. ammonium and cyanate |
| stanley miller | found that complex organic compounds could arise spontaneously under the conditions thought to have existed on the Earth. -volcano |
| mechanism | the view that physical and chemical laws govern all natural phenomena, including the processes of life |
| hydrocarbons | organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen. |
| isomers | compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements, but different structures and hence different properties. |
| structural isomers | differ in both the covalent arrangements of their atoms. |
| cis-trans isomers | carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but these atoms differ in their spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds. |
| enantiomers | isomers that are mirror images of the other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon |
| asymmetric carbon | one that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms.-ex: right and left hand-pharmaceutical help |
| how is enantiomers applied | allows the drug companies to distinguish between which compound is more effective and less side effects. |
| macromolecules | nucleic acid, DNA, and carbohydrates |
| arrangements of carbohydrates | ex: glucose and galactose |
| disaccharide | consist fo two monosaccharides that are joined by a glycosidic bond |
| glycosidic linkage | a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a DEHYDRATION REACTION |
| polysaccharides | few 100 to 1000s of monosaccharides |
| starch | a polymer of glucose monomers, as granules within cellular structures known as plastids/stored energy |
| how sugar can be taken out of storage | through carbohydrate bank- by hydrolysis - hannah breaks the money bank 1-4 linkages |
| glycogen | a polymer of glucose -in the liver and muscles cells stores depleted in about a day and replenished through food. |
| amylopectin | 1-6 linkage |
| cellulose | polysaccharide that enclose plant cells |
| hexoses | have six carbons ex glucose and fructose |
| types of sugar | aldose or ketose glucose-aldose, fructose ketose |
| starch glucose | alpha configuration up and down stay the same |
| cellulose glucose | beta configuration- one direction/ opposites attract |
| microfibrils | hold cellulose molecules together |
| cellulose | insoluble fiber- digested through stomach mucus/ cows and cockroach have prokaryotes and protists in gut to help digest |
| chitin | allow bugs to grow an exoskeleton- polysaccharide found in fungi with beta has nitrogent |
| lipid bilayer | hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head |
| steroids | sex hormones |
| cholesterol | animal cell membranes in the liver |
| polypeptide | polymers of amino acids |
| protein | many polypeptides |
| phosholipid | cell membranes |
| types of protein | enzymatic, defensive, storage, transport, hormonal, receptor, motor/contractile, and structural |
| structural protein | keratin-hair collagen and elastin-skin |
| hormonal | insulin-pancreas |
| transport | hemoglobin-transport oxygen |
| receptors | nerve signaling |
| defensive | antibodies |
| motor | myosin-contract muscles |
| cellularity | organized membrane-bound structure that enables the characteristics of life |
| cell theory | -the cell the basic unit of life -all living things are coposed of one or more cells |
| 3 required domains for all cells | plasma membrane semifluid substance-cytosol chromosomes(carry genes) ribosomes(make proteins) |
| eukaryotic vs prokaryotic size | eukaryotic are about 10 to 100 times larger than prokaryotic cells |
| Prokaryotic | bacteria and archaea DNA in a region called the nucleoid cytoplasm build around plasma membrane no membrane-bound organelles |
| plasma membrane | separates from the outside |
| fimbriae | attachment |
| central vacoule increase the size of the cell without | diluting the contents |
| need more energy | make more mitochondria and spread throughout |
| capsule | prevent dry out prevent phagocytosis |
| cell wall | hold chape |
| flagella | propels cells in the environment 3 parts 1. the basal body- motor 2. hook 3. filament |
| basal body | cytoplasm, cytoplasmic membrane(rotation), and peptidoglycan layer |
| peptido | protein |
| glycan | sugar |
| composition of bacterial cell wall | peptido and glycan |
| endospores | a dormant cell form that is resistant to desiccation, UV radiation chemicals and heat |
| the nucleus contains most of the cell's? | genes |
| the nucleus is the most? | easily viewed organelle |
| what separates teh nucleus from the cytoplasm | double envelope |
| nuclear pore | in the membrane that create channels through both layers |
| shape of the nucleus is maintained by | the nuclear lamina "web" of protein |
| nucleosomes | dna is wound around histones like beads on a string |
| during? mitosis | chromatin strands condense into chromosomes |
| the nucleous | located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal RNA syntheesis |
| types of ribosomes | prokaryotes and larger eurkaryotes |
| ribosome: two protein subunits + rRNA in | small subunit:one rRNA molecule binds mRNA large subunit: multiple rRNA molecules |
| ribosomes preform protein synthesis in what two locations | cytosol and on the outside of the endoplamic reticulum or the nuclear envelope |
| Components of the endomembrane system | nuclear envelope endoplasmic reticulum golgi appartus lysome vacuoles plasma membrane |
| components of the endomembrane system | are either continuous or connected via transport vesicles |
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