Exam 1 Zoology
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turtlenerd21 on February 10, 2012
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Nancy Prentiss, Zoology 170, UMF
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190 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 1st law of thermodynamics | Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only form may be changed |
| 2nd law of thermodynamics | Entropy - complex systems tend to degrade into simpler forms (applies to energy too) |
| Adaptation | Physical characteristic that increases the fitness of an organism |
| Adaptive radiation | Evolutionary diversification of 1 species into many, multiple species from single species that colonizes new habitat, often seen on islands |
| Addition | The accidental adding of a nucleotide into a sequence |
| Alleles | Pairs of genes that affect a same phenotypic trait, located at same locus on a pair of homologous chromosomes |
| Allopatric speciation | Formation of 2+ species from single ancestral species due to reproductive isolation (preceded by geographic location) |
| Amino acids | A simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl and an amino acid group |
| Anagenesis | Linear, Species A evolves into species B |
| Analogous structures | Similar Function but different developmental origins |
| Aneuploidy | An abnormality involving a chromosome number that is not an exact multiple of the haploid number (one chromosome set is incomplete) |
| Anthropogenic factors | Human activities that affect the climate |
| Apoptosis | A type of cell death in which the cell uses specialized cellular machinery to kill itself |
| Archaebacteria | Microorganisms that are similar to bacteria in size and simplicity of structure but radically different in molecular organization |
| Assortative mating | Mating of individuals having more traits in common than likely in random mating |
| Autosomal mosaic | Ex: Calico cats, eye color, human female sweat gland distribution |
| Autosomes | Any chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes |
| Autotroph | An organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide. |
| Background extinction rate | 1 species/ million years |
| Barr body | A small, densely staining structure in the cell nuclei of female mammals, consisting of a condensed, inactive X chromosome. |
| Binomial nomenclature | The system of nomenclature using two terms, the first one indicating the genus and the second the species. |
| Biogenetic law | The theory that evolutionary stages are repeated in the growth of a young animal. |
| Catastrophism | The theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted chiefly from sudden violent and unusual events. |
| Cell theory | The theory that cells form the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms (1838 by |
| Characteristics of life | Metabolism, Homeostasis, Growth, Reproduction, Responsiveness, Genetic Program, Development, and Complex Organization |
| Chemosynthesis | The synthesis of organic compounds by energy derived from chemical reactions, especially in the absence of sunlight. |
| Chromosomal mutation | (Chromosomal Alterations) Translocations, Deletion, Duplication, and Inversion |
| Chromosomes | DNA molecules plus 5 types of histone proteins (in Eukaryotes) |
| Cistron | (=gene) all codons for entire amino acid sequence needed to form protein, polypeptide, or RNA sequence |
| Cladogenesis | Branching evolution, Species A evolves into species B and C |
| Coacervate droplets | Tiny spherical droplet of assorted organic molecules (specifically lipids) which are held together by hydrophobic forces from a surrounding liquid.(part of Oparin- Haldore Hypothesis) |
| Codominance | characteristics of both alleles expressed in heterozygous phenotype |
| Codon | triplet of nucleotides, code for 1 amino acid unit in protein or polypeptide |
| Community | Group of different species populations in same geographical area at the same time, like an ecosystem without the abiotic factors |
| Covergent evolution | similar adaptations in 2+ species from 2+ ancestral species (i.e not recently related) |
| Crossing over | Physical exchange of portions of homologous chromosomes, very common |
| Cyanobacteria | A division of microorganisms (class Cyanophyce, kingdom Eubacteria) that are related to the bacteria but are capable of photosynthesis. |
| Darwin | (1809-1882) Popularly given credit for Natural Selection |
| Deletion | Piece of Chromosome lost entirely (often lethal) |
| Dihybrid cross | (be able to do one) |
| Diploid | 2n - double chromosome number |
| Oparin-Halane hypothesis | (Cells 1st) formation of protocells; coacervate droplets, liposomes, and proteinoid microspheres; growth, primitive 'metabolism' and replication; later aquisition of enzymes and genes |
| Organic compound | Any compound of carbon and another elenent or a radical. |
| Origin of life | In natural science, abiogenisis or biopeipoesis is the study of how life on earth could have arisen from inanimate matter. |
| Ovum | female sex gamete |
| Oxidizing atmosphere | Sufficient oxygen content in a lehr to produce or support combustion, air volume contacting oxygen sufficient to promote drying. |
| Paedomorphosis | In developmental biology, pedomorphosis or juvenication is a phenotypic and/or genotypic change in which the adults of a species retain traits previously seen only in juveniles |
| Panspermia | The theory that life on Earth originated from microorganisms or chemical precursors of life present in outer space and able to initiate life on reaching a suitable environment |
| Parallel evolution | Similar adaptations in multiple species derived from different ancestral stocks |
| Parapatric speciation | Incomplete speciation, partial reproductive isolation |
| Peripatric speciation | (Founder Effect) new population isolated by colonization (i.e. finches blown off course to the Galapagos |
| Photosynthesis | The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water; |
| Phenotypic gradualism | Small, gradual changes in a trait |
| Phyletic Gradualism | Series of small, gradual changes in species, formation of new species from ancestral species over long time period - 10's -100's of millions of yrs. many transitional forms |
| Phylogeny | the evolutionary development and diversification of a species or group of organisms, or of a particular feature of an organism |
| Pleistocene extinctions | 11,000 ybp |
| Pleiotropy | Single pair of alleles controls multiple phenotypic traits |
| Point Mutations | SIngle gene mutations, enzyme systems in cells may execute ('self - repair '), sometimes 'mistakes' - wrong nucleotide |
| Polygenic inheritance | 2+ pairs of alleles control phenotypic trait |
| Polymorphism | The occurrence of a number of alternative forms within a section of a nucleic acid or protein molecule |
| Polyphyletic | Derived from more than one common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group and therefore not suitable for placing in the same taxon |
| Population | Group of potentially interbreeding organisms that occupy the same geographic area at the same time |
| Present mass extinction | Backgroud extinction rate = 1 species/ million years, but estimate is 27,000 extinct /year; entirely due to Anthropogenic activity |
| Primary heterotroph | An organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances |
| Prokaryotes | A microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles |
| Protein | Any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more chains of amino acids |
| Proteinoid microspheres | Tiny Bubbles formed by large organic molecules under certain conditions. Microspheres are not cells, but they have some characteristics of living systems. They have selectively permeable membranes through which only certain bio-molecules may pass. |
| Proto-oncogenes | A normal gene that has the potential to become an oncogene. |
| Proximate causation | Explains biological function in terms of immediate physiological or environmental factors |
| Punctuated equilibria | The hypothesis that evolutionary development is marked by isolated episodes of rapid speciation between long periods of little or no change. |
| Radioactive-beach hypothesis | adioactive elements such as uranium may have concentrated on beaches and become building blocks for life by energizing amino acids, sugars from acetronitrile in water. |
| Recessive allele | An allele that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its paired allele is identical |
| Reductionist approach | Study of life at subcellular and molecular levels (vastly expanded knowledge of life) |
| Reproductive isolating mechansims | Adaptation that maintain reproductive isolation (biochemical, genetic, physiological, anatomical, behavior, timing, geographical disruption |
| Reproductive isolation | Lack of gene flow between 2+ populations, necessary for speciation, often preceded by geographic isolation |
| Responsiveness | Ability to react to stimuli/environment (irritability) |
| Ribozymes | And RNA molecule capable of acting as an enzyme |
| Ring species | Connected series of neighboring populations that can interbreed with relatively closely related populations, but for which there exist at least two "end" populations in the series that are too distantly related to interbreed. |
| RNA-world hypothesis | (Eigen Hypothesis) RNA acted as enzymes (ribosome), allowed production of proteins and other enzymes |
| Sex determination | Biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism |
| Sex linked traits | Traits occurring on one type of sex chromosome |
| Sex chromosomes | Chromosomes involved with determining the sex of an organism, typically one of two kinds. |
| Sexual mosaic | Due to problem in mitosis after fertilization |
| Sexual selection | Perferential male selection based on 1 or more secondary sexual characteristics (morphological or behavioral) |
| Shiva Hypothesis | Periodicity of Mass extinctions = every 26 - 30 years |
| Sibling species | Species very similar in appearance, behavior, and other characteristics while they are reproductively isolated |
| Speciation | The formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution |
| Species selection | Differential survival and multiplication of species through time due to variation in emergent, species level characteristics |
| Species | group of potentially interbreeding populations not limited to given geographical area, different species concepts |
| Directional selection | Selection for one extreme of population |
| Disruptive selection | Selection against most common phenotype (both extremes) |
| Divergent evolution | The accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species, usually a result of diffusion of the same species adapting to different environments |
| DNA | Self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes |
| Dominant allele | An Allele that produces the same phenotype whether it is paired allele is identical or different |
| Emergent properties | Biological organization of life, ranging from the subatomic level to the entire biosphere |
| Entropy | A thermodynamic quantity representing the unavailability of a system's thermal energy for conversion into mechanical work, often interpreted as the degree of disorder or randomness in the system |
| Epistasis | Phenomenon in which one pair of alleles controls expression of another pair |
| Eubacteria | A bacterium of a large group typically having simple cells with rigid cell walls and often flagella for movement. |
| Eukaryote | An organism consisting of a cell or cells which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus. |
| Evolution | change in gene frequencies in population over time |
| Exons | Coding portions of DNA multiple codons |
| Extra-terrestrial Origins Hypothesis | Panspermia hypothesis: life 'seeded' on Earth from elsewhere in universe |
| Falsifiablity | All scientific explanations 'provisional', subject to revision OR rejection given new data or additional insight |
| Fitness | Ability to survive and reproduce (PASSING ON GENES) |
| Founder effect | The loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population. |
| Frame shift | Genetic mutation caused by insertion of deletions of a number of nucleotides that is not evenly divisible by three from a DNA sequence |
| Free energy | A thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the capacity of a system to do work. |
| Gene flow | Exchange of genotypes between populations through emigration (out of) or immigration (into) |
| Genetic drift | Random loss or fixation of genes in small isolated populations (i.e. islands, fragmented habitats, relict populations, endangered species) |
| Genetic equilibrium | Tendency for gene frequencies to remain constant over time in large populations and randomly reducing populations (some dominant traits found at low percentage) |
| Genome duplication | Polyploidy in plants, Hox Gene duplication in vertebrate jaws and paired limbs |
| Genomic evolution | Horizonal Gene Transfer, Incorporation of DNA from another lineage |
| Genomics | The branch of molecular biology concerned with the structure, function, evolution, and mapping of genomes. |
| Haploid | 1n - single chromosome number |
| Hardy Weinberg Model | (Population genetics - see notes) |
| Halophiles | An organism (especially a microorganism) that grows in saline conditions |
| Hemizygous | Single gene for a given trait (i.e. sex-linked traits |
| Heterochrony | Developmental change in the timing of events, leading to changes in size and shape. |
| Heterotroph | An organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances |
| Heterozygous | 2 different alleles for a given trait |
| Histones | Any of a group of basic proteins found in chromatin |
| Historicity | Long evolutionary history molded adaptations of living organisms today |
| Homeostatsis | Maintenance of constant internal environment (body temperature,water, ions, etc.) |
| Homologous structures | Develop from same embryonic tissues, but they may have different functions |
| Homozygous | 2 of the same alleles for a given trait |
| Horizontal gene transfer | Incorporation of DNA from another lineage |
| Hutton | (1726 - 1797) Gradualism - earth has long history of slow change due to:wind, water, ice, volcanism, uplifting (continental drift) |
| Insertional inactivation | The inactivation of a gene in a plasmid or other cloning vector by insertion of incorrect DNA nucleotides |
| Inbreeding | Breeding in closely related people or animals especially over many generations |
| Stablizing selection | Selection for most common phenotype |
| Strata | Geologic layers laid down in chronological order |
| Substitution | When the wrong nucleotide causes a mutation or the forming of the wrong amino acid |
| Symbiogenesis | The merging of two separate organisms to form a single new organism |
| Sympatric speciation | 2+ new species from single ancestral species in same geographical area, reproduction due to competition or speciation |
| Synapsis | Homologous chromosomes pair physically |
| Synthetic theory of evolution | Theory based on cell theory, contemporary genetics principles, and micro and macro-evolutionary principles |
| System approach | Study of emergent properties of living systems |
| Testability | Scientific predictions always open to testing, must provide mutually exclusive alternatives |
| Theory of Acquired Characteristics | Young animals inherit physical traits 'acquired' by parents, doesn't take genes into account |
| Transformational evolution | Goal oriented evolution, simpler organisms 'seek' to evolve into higher ones, humans - apex of evolutionary process |
| Transposons | Jumping genes (not point mutations) |
| Trophic cascade | Occurs when predators in a food web suppress the abundance of their prey, thereby releasing the next lower trophic level from predation |
| Tumor suppressor genes | A suppressor gene that blocks unscheduled cell division |
| Ultimate Causation | Explains traits in terms of evolutionary acting on them |
| Uniformitarianism | The theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes. |
| Utterly Dismal Therorem | Food Supply increases arithmetically while human population increases geometrically so human population will eventually be linked by starvation |
| Vicariant speciation | Population isolated by geologic process |
| Wallace | (1823 - 1913) Developed same theory as Darwin for Natural Selection, deserves equal credit |
| Incomplete dominance | Both alleles expressed in heterozygate producing new phenotype |
| Intermediate inheritance | Codominance - characteristics of both alleles expressed in heterozygous phenotype |
| Introns | Intervening, non-coding portions of DNA |
| Karyotype | The number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species |
| Lamark | Transformational Evolution, Theory of Acquired Characteristics |
| Law of Conservation of Mass | Same as first law of thermodynamics, matter can't be created or destroyed, only form may be changed |
| Lineage Splitting | Distinct departures in multiple species due to diverging common ancestors |
| Linkage Groups | Portions of chromosome with genes that normally cross-over 'linked' together |
| Lipid | Any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. |
| Locus | Site on chromosome occupied by gene |
| Lyell | (1797 - 1875) Uniformitariansim: natural laws constant in time and space, science must explain past events based on natural processes that can be observed now, most geological changes occur slowly and gradually |
| Lyonization | One of the two copies of the X chromosome present in female mammals is inactivated. |
| Macroevolution | Large scale evolutionary process (beyond species level) |
| Major adaptive trends | Common adaptation appearing in numerous related species |
| Malthus | (1766 - 1834) Utterly Dismal Theorem |
| Mass extinction | Sharp decrease in the diversity and abundance of macroscopic life. |
| Materialism | Science deals with objective phenomenon, governed by known physical laws of the universe |
| Meiosis | Type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each with half the chromosome number of the parent cell. |
| Metabolism | Complex of chemical reactions within an organism ability to transform energy |
| Metabolism-first hypothesis | clay micro-crystals (Cains - Smith), sites for primitive 'metabolism' - before 1st protocells |
| Metazoans | Any animals of the subkingdom Metazoa, all animals except protozoans and sponges. |
| Methanogens | A methane-producting bacterium |
| Microevolution | Changes in gene frequencies in populations over time, 10's to millions of years, not necessarily formation of new species!!! |
| Miller's experiment | Prebiotic Synthesis of Organic Compounds |
| Mitosis | Type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each the same as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth. |
| Monohybrid cross | (be able to do one) |
| Monophyletic | Descended from a common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group especially one not shared with any other group |
| Monosomy | The condition of having a diploid chromosome complement in which one (usually the X) chromosome lacks its homologous partner |
| Mosaic (autosomal vs. sexual) | 2+ cell lines in same animal (see notes for comparison) |
| Multiple Alleles | 3 or more genes control same trait (but only two are inherited) |
| Mutations | Change in single gene or large part of chromosome due to mutagens, most lethal and recessive |
| Natural Selection | Major process by which evolution occurs, non random reproduction of individuals evolves to survival of those best suited to environment |
| Nemesis Hypothesis | Small dark star passes close to sun every 26-30 million years |
| Neo-Darwinism | 'Modern synthesis' of Darwinian evolution through natural selection with Mendelian genetics (take out Acquired characteristics and Pangenesis) |
| Neoplastic growth | Abnormal proliferation of cells |
| Nondisjuction | Failure of chromosomes to separate normally during meiosis |
| Nonsense protein | Protein that has a mutation in it so it cannot be read. |
| Nucleic acid | A complex organic substance present in living cells especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain |
| Nucleotides | A compound consisting of a base linked to a phosphate group forming the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA. |
| Oncogenes | A gene that in certain circumstances transforms a cell into a tumor cell. |
| Systems Approach | Study of emergent properties ( brought broader view of life) |
| Genetic Program | Ability to pass on traits/adaptations to offspring (coded on information molecules, DNA/RNA) |
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